Abstract
It is often argued that food restriction and modulation of the somatotropic axis could increase lifespan in all species, and particularly in human beings. However, this rationale does not take into account the life-history strategies of species and the way they adapt to environmental challenges, particularly to food restriction. It is argued that, for short-lived species of a small size, the best strategy to survive starvation is staying at the same place and increasing lifespan, because they cannot migrate to discover new food sources, because of a high predatory load and/or an inability to cross long distances. Emigration is an appropriate strategy for long-lived species of a large size less at risk of predation. Because humans tend to emigrate when facing unfavourable conditions rather than staying at home, food restriction is not expected to increase lifespan in humans. As an outcome, modulating the somatotropic axis would probably not increase human lifespan, because increased lifespan has not been selected as a strategy: how a genetic pathway could modulate lifespan in the absence of any selective pressure?
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Austad SN (1989) Life extension by dietary restriction in the bowl and doily spider, Frontinella pyramitela. Exp Gerontol 24:83–92
Austad SN, Fischer KE (1991) Mammalian aging, metabolism, and ecology: evidence from the bats and marsupials. J Gerontol 46:B47–B53
Bartke A (2005) Minireview: role of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor system in mammalian aging. Endocrinol 146:3718–3723
Bartke A (2016) Healthspan and longevity can be extended by suppression of growth hormone signaling. Mamm Genome 27:289–299
Bartke A, Sun LY, Longo C (2013) Somatotropic signaling: trade-offs between growth, reproductive development, and longevity. Physiol Rev 93:571–598
Bowman J, Jaeger AG, Fahrig L (2002) Dispersal distance of mammals is proportional to home range size. Ecology 83:2049–2055
Brack C, Bechter-Thuring E, Labuhn M (1997) N-acetylcysteine slows down ageing and increases the life span of Drosophila melangaster. Cell Mol Life Sci 53:960–966
Cava E, Fontana L (2013) Will calorie restriction work in humans? Aging (Albany N Y) 5:507–514
Clancy DJ, Gems D, Harshman LG, Oldham S, Stocker H, Hafen E, Leevers SJ, Partridge L (2001) Extension of life-span by loss of CHICO, a Drosophila insulin receptor substrate protein. Science 292:104–106
Colman RJ, Anderson RM, Johnson SC, Kastman EK, Kos-matka KJ, Beasley TM, Allison DB, Cruzen C, Simmons HA, Kemnitz JW, Weindruch R (2009) Caloric restriction delays disease onset and mortality in rhesus monkeys. Science 325:201–224
Colman RJ, Beasley TM, Kemnitz JW, Johnson SC, Weindruch R, Anderson RM (2014) Caloric restriction reduces age-related and all-cause mortality in rhesus monkeys. Nat Commun 5:3557
David JR (1988) Temperature. In: Lints FA, Soliman MH (eds) Drosophila as a model organism for ageing studies. Blackie, Glasgow, pp 33–45
de Cabo R, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Bernier M, Hall MN, Madeo F (2014) The search for antiaging interventions: from elixirs to fasting regimens. Cell 157:1515–1526
de Grey ADNJ (2005) The unfortunate influence of the weather on the rate of ageing: why human caloric restriction or its emulation may only extend life expectancy by 2–3 years. Gerontology 51:73–82
Demetrius L (2005) Of mice and men. When it comes to studying ageing and the means to slow it down, mice are not just small humans. EMBO Rep 6:S39–S44
Dobzhansky T (1973) Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Am Biol Teach 35:125–129
Flachsbart F, Caliebe A, Kleindorp R, Blanché H, von Eller-Eberstein H, Nikolaus S, Schreiber S, Nebel A (2009) Association of FOXO3A variation with human longevity confirmed in German centenarians. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:2700–2705
Fontana L, Partridge L, Longo VD (2010) Extending healthy life span—from yeast to humans. Science 328:321–326
Ford ES, Dietz WH (2013) Trends in energy intake among adults in the United States: findings from NHANES. Am J Clin Nutr 97:848–853
Frankowski H, Alavez S, Spilman P, Mark KA, Nelson JD, Mollahan P, Rao RV, Chen SF, Lithgow GJ, Ellerby HM (2013) Dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl formamide increase lifespan of C. elegans in liquid. Mech Ageing Dev 134:69–78
Friedman DB, Johnson TE (1988) Three mutants that extend both mean and maximum lifespan of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, define the age-1 gene. J Gerontol Biol Sci 43:B102–B109
Gilbert NI, Correia RA, Silva JP, Pacheco C, Catry I, Atkinson PW, Gill JA, Franco AMA (2016) Are white storks addicted to junk food? Impacts of landfill use on the movement and behaviour of resident white storks (Ciconia ciconia) from a partially migratory population. Mov Ecol 4:7
Hallengren E, Almgren P, Engstro ̈m G, Hedblad B, Persson M, Suhr M, Bergmann A, Melander O (2014) Fasting levels of high-sensitivity growth hormone predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: the Malmö diet and cancer study. J Am Coll Cardiol 64:1452–1460
Harper JM, Leathers CW, Austad SN (2006) Does caloric restriction extend life in wild mice? Aging Cell 5:441–449
Holliday R (1989) Food reproduction and longevity: Is the extended lifespan of calorie-restricted animals an evolutionary adaptation? BioEssays 10:125–127
Houthoofd K, Johnson TE, Vanfleteren JR (2005) Dietary restriction in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. J Gerontol Biol Sci 60A:1125–1131
Johnson TE, Mitchell DH, Kline S, Kemal R, Foy J (1984) Arresting development arrests aging in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Mech Ageing Dev 28:23–40
Kaplan RC, Bùžková P, Cappola AR, Strickler HD, McGinn AP, Mercer LD, Arnold AM, Pollak MN, Newman AB (2012) Decline in circulating insulin-like growth factors and mortality in older adults: Cardiovascular Health Study All-Stars study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:1970–1976
Kealy RD, Lawler DF, Ballam JM, Mantz SL, Biery DN, Greely EH, Lust G, Segre M, Smith GK, Stowe HD (2002) Effects of diet restriction on life span and age-related changes in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:1315–1320
Kenyon CJ (2010) The genetics of ageing. Nature 464:504–512
Kenyon C, Chang J, Gensch E, Rudner A, Tabtiang R (1993) A C. elegans mutant that lives twice as long as wild type. Nature 366:461–464
Klass MR (1983) A method for the isolation of longevity mutants in the nematode caenorhabditis elegans and initial results. Mech. Ageing Dev. 22: 279–286
Klass MR, Hirsh D (1976) Non-ageing developmental variant of Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 260:523–525
Le Bourg E (2010) Predicting whether dietary restriction would increase longevity in species not tested so far. Ageing Res Rev 9:289–297
Le Bourg E (2012) Dietary restriction studies in humans: focusing on obesity, forgetting longevity. Gerontology 58:126–128
Le Bourg E (2016) The somatotropic axis may not modulate ageing and longevity in humans. Biogerontology 17:421–429
Liao CY, Rikke BA, Johnson TE, Diaz V, Nelson JF (2010) Genetic variation in the murine lifespan response to dietary restriction: from life extension to life shortening. Aging Cell 9:92–95
Lord K, Feinstein M, Smith B, Coppinger R (2013) Variation in reproductive traits of the genus Canis with special attention to the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). Behav Proc 92:131–142
Lund KE, Lund M, Bryhni A (2009) Tobacco consumption among men and women 1927-2007. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 129:1871–1874
Lyman CP, O’Brien RC, Greene GC, Papafrangos ED (1981) Hibernation and longevity in the Turkish hamster Mesocricetus brandti. Science 212:668–670
Maison P, Balkau B, Simon D, Chanson P, Rosselin G, Eschwege E (1998) Growth hormone as a risk for premature mortality in healthy subjects: data from the Paris prospective study. Br Med J 316:1132–1133
Martins R, Lithgow GJ, Link W (2016) Long live FOXO: unraveling the role of FOXO proteins in aging and longevity. Aging Cell 15:196–207
Masel J, Promislow DEL (2016) Answering evolutionary questions: a guide for mechanistic biologists. BioEssays 38:704–711
Mattison JA, Roth GS, Beasley TM, Tilmont EM, Handy AM, Herbert RL, Longo DL, Allison DB, Young JE, Bryant M, Barnard D, Ward WF, Qi W, Ingram DK, de Cabo R (2012) Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys from the NIA study. Nature 489:318–321
Mech LD (1974) Canis lupus. Mamm Species 37:1–6
Milman S, Atzmon G, Huffman DM, Wan J, Crandall JP, Cohen P, Barzilai N (2014) Low insulin-like growth factor-1 level predicts survival in humans with exceptional longevity. Aging Cell 13:769–771
Milman S, Huffman DM, Barzilai N (2016) The somatotropic axis in human aging: framework for the current state of knowledge and future research. Cell Metab 23:980–989
Most J, Tosti V, Redman LM, Fontana L (2016) Calorie restriction in humans: an update. Ageing Res Rev (in press)
Nygaard M, Lindahl-Jacobsen R, Soerensen M, Mengel-From J, Andersen-Ranberg K, Jeune B, Vaupel JW, Tan Q, Christiansen L, Christensen K (2014) Birth cohort differences in the prevalence of longevity-associated variants in APOE and FOXO3A in Danish long-lived individuals. Exp Gerontol 57:41–46
Omodei D, Fontana L (2011) Calorie restriction and prevention of age-associated chronic disease. FEBS Lett 585:1537–1542
Phelan JP, Austad SN (1989) Natural selection, dietary restriction, and extended longevity. Growth Dev Aging 53:4–6
Pianka ER (1970) On r and K selection. Am Nat 102:592–597
Popper KR (1935) Logik der Forschung (the logic of scientific discovery). Verlag von Julius Springer, Vienna
Simpson SJ, Raubenheimer D (2005) Obesity: the protein leverage hypothesis. Obes Rev 6:133–142
Speakman JR, Mitchell SE, Mazidi M (2016) Calories or protein? The effect of dietary restriction on lifespan in rodents is explained by calories alone. Exp Geront (in press)
Stearns SC (1983) The influence of size and phylogeny on patterns of covariation among life-history traits in the mammals. Oikos 41:173–187
Stewart ST, Cutler DM, Rosen AB (2009) Forecasting the effects of obesity and smoking on U.S. life expectancy. N Engl J Med 361:2252–2260
Strøm A, Jensen RA (1951) Mortality from circulatory diseases in Norway 1940-1945. Lancet 1:126–129
Van der Spoel E, Rozing MP, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Slagboom PE, Beekman M, de Craen AJ, Westendorp RG, van Heemst D (2015) Association analysis of insulin-like growth factor-1 axis parameters with survival and functional status in nonagenarians of the Leiden Longevity Study. Aging (Albany N Y) 7:956–963
Van Voorhies WA, Fuchs J, Thomas S (2005) The longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans in soil. Biol Lett 1:247–249
Wasser DE, Sherman PW (2010) Avian longevities and their interpretation under evolutionary theories of senescence. J Zool 280:103–155
Weindruch R (2006) Will dietary restriction work in primates? Biogerontology 7:169–171
Yu BP (2006) Why calorie restriction would work for human longevity. Biogerontology 7:179–182
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Le Bourg, É. (2017). Somatotropic Axis’ Role in Ageing and Longevity Could Depend on Life-History Strategies of Species. In: Rattan, S., Sharma, R. (eds) Hormones in Ageing and Longevity. Healthy Ageing and Longevity, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63001-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63001-4_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63000-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63001-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)