Abstract
The reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) is an integral part of breast cancer treatment after mastectomy or central quadrants, transforming the reconstructed mound into a breast. The final result becomes pleasing and natural. NAC reconstruction has a positive psychological impact on breast cancer patient; it may cover part of the mastectomy scar [1]. However, not all women desire to complete the reconstruction, and generally older patients do not.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Wellisch DK, Schain WS, Noone RB, Little JW 3rd (1987) The psychological contribution of nipple addition in breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 80(5):699–704
Jung Y, Lee J, Lee S, Bae Y (2016) Immediate nipple reconstruction with a C-V flap and areolar reconstruction with an autograft of the ipsilateral areola. ANZ J Surg 87(12):1–5
Caterson SA, Singh M, Talbot SG, Eriksson E (2015) Reconstruction of areolar projection using a purse-string suture technique. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 3(7):e453
Masser MR, Di Meo L, Hobby JA (1989) Tattooing in reconstruction of the nipple and areola: a new method. Plast Reconstr Surg 84(4):677–681
Rees TD (1975) Reconstruction of the breast areola by intradermal tattooing and transfer. Case report. Plast Reconstr Surg 55(5):620–621
Becker H (1988) Nipple-areola reconstruction using intradermal tattoo. Plast Reconstr Surg 81(3):450–453
Becker H (1986) The use of intradermal tattoo to enhance the final result of nipple-areola reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 77(4):673–676
Spear SL, Convit R, Little JW 3rd (1989) Intradermal tattoo as an adjunct to nipple-areola reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 83(5):907–911
Riot S, Devinck F, Aljudaibi N, Duquennoy-Martinot V, Guerreschi P (2016) Tattooing of the nipple-areola complex in breast reconstruction: technical note. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 61(2):141–144
Halvorson EG, Cormican M, West ME, Myers V (2014) Three-dimensional nipple-areola tattooing: a new technique with superior results. Plast Reconstr Surg 133(5):1073–1075
Ward CM (1985) The uses of external nipple-areola prostheses following reconstruction of a breast mound after mastectomy. Br J Plast Surg 38(1):51–54
Roberts AC, Coleman DJ, Sharpe DT (1988) Custom-made nipple-areola prostheses in breast reconstruction. Br J Plast Surg 41(6):586–587
Hallock GG (1990) Polyurethane nipple prosthesis. Ann Plast Surg 24(1):80–85
Millard DR Jr (1972) Nipple and areola reconstruction by split-skin graft from the normal side. Plast Reconstr Surg 50(4):350–353
Bhatty MA, Berry RB (1997) Nipple-areola reconstruction by tattooing and nipple sharing. Br J Plast Surg 50(5):331–334
Muruci A, Dantas JJ, Noguerira LR (1978) Reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex. Plast Reconstr Surg 61(4):558–560
Wexler MR, Oneal RM (1973) Areolar sharing to reconstruct the absent nipple. Plast Reconstr Surg 51(2):176–178
Edsander-Nord A, Wickman M, Hansson P (2002) Threshold of tactile perception after nipple-sharing: a prospective study. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 36(4):216–220
Brent B, Bostwick J (1977) Nipple-areola reconstruction with auricular tissues. Plast Reconstr Surg 60(3):353–361
Rose EH (1985) Nipple reconstruction with four-lobe composite auricular graft. Ann Plast Surg 15(1):78–81
Klatsky SA, Manson PN (1981) Toe pulp free grafts in nipple reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 68(2):245–248
Amarante JT, Santa-Comba A, Reis J, Malheiro E (1994) Halux pulp composite graft in nipple reconstruction. Aesthet Plast Surg 18(3):299–300
Adams WM (1949) Labial transplant for correction of loss of the nipple. Plast Reconstr Surg (1946) 4(3):295–298
Tanabe HY, Tai Y, Kiyokawa K, Yamauchi T (1997) Nipple-areola reconstruction with a dermal-fat flap and rolled auricular cartilage. Plast Reconstr Surg 100(2):431–438
Yanaga H (2003) Nipple-areola reconstruction with a dermal-fat flap: technical improvement from rolled auricular cartilage to artificial bone. Plast Reconstr Surg 112(7):1863–1869
Cheng MH, Ho-Asjoe M, Wei FC, Chuang DC (2003) Nipple reconstruction in Asian females using banked cartilage graft and modified top hat flap. Br J Plast Surg 56(7):692–694
Gruber RP (1979) Nipple-areola reconstruction: a review of techniques. Clin Plast Surg 6(1):71–83
Chang BW, Slezak S, Goldberg NH (1992) Technical modifications for on-site nipple-areola reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 28(3):277–280
Kroll SS, Reece GP, Miller MJ, Evans GR, Robb GL, Baldwin BJ et al (1997) Comparison of nipple projection with the modified double-opposing tab and star flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 99(6):1602–1605
Little JW 3rd (1984) Nipple-areola reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg 11(2):351–364
Eng JS (1996) Bell flap nipple reconstruction – a new wrinkle. Ann Plast Surg 36(5):485–488
Ramakrishnan VV, Mohan D, Villafane O, Krishna A (1997) Twin flap technique for nipple reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 39(3):241–244
Kroll SS, Hamilton S (1989) Nipple reconstruction with the double-opposing-tab flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 84(3):520–525
Puckett CL, Concannon MJ, Croll GH, Welsh CF (1992) Nipple reconstruction using the “inchworm” flap. Aesthet Plast Surg 16(2):117–122
Shestak KC, Gabriel A, Landecker A, Peters S, Shestak A, Kim J (2002) Assessment of long-term nipple projection: a comparison of three techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg 110(3):780–786
Jabor MA, Shayani P, Collins DR Jr, Karas T, Cohen BE (2002) Nipple-areola reconstruction: satisfaction and clinical determinants. Plast Reconstr Surg 110(2):457–463; discussion 64-5
Few JW, Marcus JR, Casas LA, Aitken ME, Redding J (1999) Long-term predictable nipple projection following reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 104(5):1321–1324
Sisti A, Grimaldi L, Tassinari J, Cuomo R, Fortezza L, Bocchiotti MA, Roviello F, D’Aniello C, Nisi G (2016) Nipple-areola complex reconstruction techniques: a literature review. Eur J Surg Oncol 42(4):441–465
Hartrampf CR Jr, Culbertson JH (1984) A dermal-fat flap for nipple reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 73(6):982–986
Bosch G, Ramirez M (1984) Reconstruction of the nipple: a new technique. Plast Reconstr Surg 73(6):977–981
Barton FE Jr (1982) Latissimus dermal-epidermal nipple reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 70(2):234–237
Cronin ED, Humphreys DH, Ruiz-Razura A (1988) Nipple reconstruction: the S flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 81(5):783–787
Weiss J, Herman O, Rosenberg L, Shafir R (1989) The S nipple-areola reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 83(5):904–906
Lossing C, Brongo S, Holmstrom H (1998) Nipple reconstruction with a modified S-flap technique. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 32(3):275–279
Mandrekas AD, Zambacos GJ (1997) Modified quadrapod flap. Ann Plast Surg 38(2):195
DiPirro ME (1970) Reconstruction of the nipple and areola after a burn. Case report. Plast Reconstr Surg 46(3):299–300
Hallock GG, Altobelli JA (1993) Cylindrical nipple reconstruction using an H flap. Ann Plast Surg 30(1):23–26
Eskenazi L (1993) A one-stage nipple reconstruction with the “modified star” flap and immediate tattoo: a review of 100 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 92(4):671–680
Losken A, Mackay GJ, Bostwick J 3rd (2001) Nipple reconstruction using the C-V flap technique: a long-term evaluation. Plast Reconstr Surg 108(2):361–369
El-Ali K, Dalal M, Kat CC (2009) Modified C-V flap for nipple reconstruction: our results in 50 patients. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 62(8):991–996
de Lorenzi F, Manconi A, Rietjens M, Petit JY (2007) In response to: Rubino C, Dessy LA, Posadinu A. A modified technique for nipple reconstruction: the “arrow flap”. Br J Plast Surg 2003;56:247. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 60(8):971–972
Rubino C, Dessy LA, Posadinu A (2003) A modified technique for nipple reconstruction: the ‘arrow flap’. Br J Plast Surg 56(3):247–251
Cao YL, Lach E, Kim TH, Rodriguez A, Arevalo CA, Vacanti CA (1998) Tissue-engineered nipple reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 102(7):2293–2298
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
De Lorenzi, F., Barbieri, B., Lohsiriwat, V. (2019). Nipple-Areola Complex Reconstruction. In: Urban, C., Rietjens, M., El-Tamer, M., Sacchini, V.S. (eds) Oncoplastic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62927-8_55
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62927-8_55
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62925-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-62927-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)