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Halogens in Hydrothermal Fluids and Their Role in the Formation and Evolution of Hydrothermal Mineral Systems

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The Role of Halogens in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Geochemical Processes

Part of the book series: Springer Geochemistry ((SPRIGEO))

Abstract

Halogens (and associated volatiles) in hydrothermal solutions are key elements responsible for the genesis of mineral systems. Chlorine is probably the most common halogen, responsible for complexing metals and transporting them in hydrothermal solutions. The F halogen can be extremely powerful for the transport of metals in some specific mineral systems (e.g., IOCG, carbonatites), in addition to forming their own mineral species, such as fluorites. In this chapter halogen complexes and ligands in hydrothermal solutions are briefly discussed. For the case in point, Cl ligands are considered with regard to their function in the extraction and precipitation of metals and related ores. The progress of halogens during the differentiation of granitic magmas and their role in the development of granitoid-related mineral systems are discussed. The exsolution and near surface venting of halogens in hot springs, geysers, and volcanic complexes in general are treated and examples provided. The function of F in greisen-type mineralisation is discussed, followed by specific examples on fluorite associated with continental porphyry deposits in eastern China and the giant Vergenoeg Fe and fluorite deposit in South Africa. Indeed, fluorite is the one halogen-bearing mineral phase that is abundantly precipitated from hydrothermal fluids, and which commonly constitutes an economically viable ore. Halogens in hydrothermal fluids associated with the formation of skarn deposits are also discussed. Finally, we look at the presence and very important role of halogens in evaporite sequences and their impact in the creation of continental hydrothermal deposits. It is important to note that evaporite sequences may have an active or passive role in supplying halogens to ore-making hydrothermal fluids. The former is exemplified by the sabkah evaporites, which form by direct interaction of basinal fluids with seawater leading to the formation of Copperbelt-type mineral systems. Whereas in the latter case, fluids passively leach and transport halogen-based complexing agents for the epigenetic precipitation of ores. Halogens responsible for the uptake and transport of metals in MVT (Mississippi Valley-type deposits), SEDEX (sedimentary exhalative deposits), IOCG (iron oxide-copper-gold deposits), and orogenic mineral systems conclude this chapter.

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Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Dan Harlov for invitating me to write this contribution. I owe gratitude to Andrea Agangi and two anonymous reviewers for their detailed and insightful comments. These have led to a complete “reconstruction” of the chapter. My neighbour Murray Jones drafted most of the figures in record time; thank you Murray.

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  1. Centre for Exploration Targeting, University of Western Australia, 35, Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia

    Franco Pirajno

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  1. Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum, Potsdam, Germany

    Daniel E. Harlov

  2. Institute of Ore Geology, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    Leonid Aranovich

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Pirajno, F. (2018). Halogens in Hydrothermal Fluids and Their Role in the Formation and Evolution of Hydrothermal Mineral Systems. In: Harlov, D., Aranovich, L. (eds) The Role of Halogens in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Geochemical Processes. Springer Geochemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61667-4_12

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