Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cancer and Dysplasia Surveillance

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Endoscopy in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease

  • 382 Accesses

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) and dysplasia surveillance are of paramount importance in the long-term management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Chronic inflammation and immunosuppressive therapy represent risk factors. It has not yet been established which are the treatments at major risk; therefore, studies on long-term surveillance are awaited. Specific genetic mutations seem to have a role too. Although dysplastic lesions usually develop in the adult age, they must be taken into account by pediatricians. The risk to develop dysplastic lesions is mainly related to ulcerative colitis (UC), but also Crohn’s disease (CD) has to be strictly followed up.

The surveillance of cancer and dysplasia in IBD patients has to start on the identification of risk factors, including extent and duration of the disease, family history of CRC, the presence of primary sclerosing cholangitis, perianal fistulating form, and ileal CD.

Systematic endoscopic surveillance by using high definition and chromoendoscopy is strongly recommended, even though the optimal timing has not yet been clarified.

Cancer surveillance has to be considered systemically. Skin, oral, and human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers and hematologic disorders have to be surveilled the most.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Jussila A, Virta LJ, Pukkala E, Färkkilä MA. Malignancies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide register study in Finland. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2013;48:1405–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Jess T, Horváth-Puhó E, Fallingborg J, et al. Cancer risk in inflammatory bowel disease according to patient phenotype and treatment: a Danish population-based cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:1869–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Kappelman MD, Farkas DK, Long MD, et al. Risk of cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a nationwide population-based cohort study with 30 years of follow up. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(2):265–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Beaugerie L, Brousse N, Bouvier AM, et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet. 2009;374:1617–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Pasternak B, Svanström H, Schmiegelow K, et al. Use of azathioprine and the risk of cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(11):1296–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Duricova D, Fumery M, Annese V, et al. The natural history of Crohn’s disease in children: a review of population-based studies. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;29:125–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Peneau A, Savoye G, Turck D, et al. Mortality and cancer in pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:1647–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bopanna S, Roy M, Das P, et al. Role of random biopsies in surveillance of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis patients with high risk of colorectal cancer. Intest Res. 2016;14(3):264–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Iannone A, Ruospo M, Wong G, et al. Chromoendoscopy for surveillance in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease: a systematic review of randomized trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(11):1684–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Adami H, Bretthauer M, Emilsson L, et al. The continuing uncertainty about cancer risk in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 2016;65(6):889–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Lutgens MW, van Oijen MG, van der Heijden GJ, Vleggaar FP, Siersema PD, Oldenburg B. Declining risk of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: an updated meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(4):789–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Choi CR, Bakir IA, Hart AL, Graham TA. Clonal evolution of colorectal cancer in IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(4):218–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Dulai PS, Sandborn WJ, Gupta S. Colorectal cancer and dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of disease epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2016;9(12):887–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Fornaro R, Caratto M, Caratto E, et al. Colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: the need for a real surveillance program. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2016;15(3):204–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Jewel Samadder N, Valentine JF, Guthery S, et al. Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel diseases: a population-based study in Utah. Dig Dis Sci. 2017;62(8):2126–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-016-4435-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hata K, Kishikawa J, Anzai H, et al. Surveillance colonoscopy for colitis-associated dysplasia and cancer in ulcerative colitis patients. Dig Endosc. 2016;28:260–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Han YD, Al Bandar MH, Dulskas A, et al. Prognosis of ulcerative colitis colorectal cancer vs. sporadic colorectal cancer: propensity score matching analysis. BMC Surg. 2017;17:28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Sengupta N, Yee E, Feuerstein JD. Colorectal cancer screening in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61:980–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Kariv R, Remzi FH, Lian L, et al. Preoperative colorectal neoplasia increases risk for pouch neoplasia in patients with restorative proctocolectomy. Gastroenterology. 2010;139:806–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Scarpa M, van Koperen PJ, Ubbink DT, et al. Systematic review of dysplasia after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Br J Surg. 2007;94:534–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Cahil C, Gordon PH, Petrucci A, Boutros M. Small bowel adenocarcinoma and Crohn’s disease: any further ahead than 50 years ago? World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(33):11486–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Nieminen U, Färkkilä M. Malignancies in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015;50:81–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Shwaartz C, Munger JA, Deliz JR, et al. Fistula-associated anorectal cancer in the setting of Crohn’s disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2016;59(12):1168–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Chen C, Neugut AI, Rotterdam H. Risk factors for adenocarcinomas and malignant carcinoids of the small intestine: preliminary findings. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 1994;3:205–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kaerlev L, Teglbjaerg PS, Sabroe S, Kolstad HA, Ahrens W, Eriksson M, Guénel P, Hardell L, Launoy G, Merler E, Merletti F, Stang A. Medical risk factors for small-bowel adenocarcinoma with focus on Crohn disease: a European population-based case-control study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2001;36(6):641–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Annese V, Beaugerie L, Egan L, et al. European evidence-based consensus: inflammatory bowel disease and malignancies. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2015:945–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Fumery M, Pineton de Chambrun G, Stefanescu C, et al. Detection of dysplasia or cancer in 3.5% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and colonic strictures. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:1770–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Sonnenberg A, Genta RM. Epithelial dysplasia and cancer in IBD strictures. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2015:769–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Menon AM, Mirza AH, Moolla S, Morton DG. Adenocarcinoma of the small bowel arising from a previous strictureplasty for Crohn’s disease: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50(2):257–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Collier P, Turowski P, Diamond DL. Small intestinal adenocarcinoma complicating regional enteritis. Cancer. 1985;55:516–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Gomollon F, Dignass A, Annese V, et al. 3rd European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn’s disease 2016: part 1: diagnosis and medical management. J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11(1):3–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Derikx L, Kievit W, Drenth JP, et al. Prior colorectal neoplasia is associated with increased risk of ileoanal pouch neoplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:119–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Popp C, Nichita L, Voiosu T, et al. Expression profile of p53 and p21 in large bowel mucosa as biomarkers of inflammatory-related carcinogenesis in ulcerative colitis. Dis Markers. 2016;2016:3625279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Khalili H, Gong J, Brenner H, et al. Identification of a common variant with potential pleiotropic effect on risk of inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2015;36(9):999–1007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Jamieson T, Clarke M, Steele CW, et al. Inhibition of CXCR2 profoundly suppresses inflammation-driven and spontaneous tumorigenesis. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(9):3127–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Ishitsuka T, Kashiwagi H, Konishi F. Microsatellite instability in inflamed and neoplastic epithelium in ulcerative colitis. J Clin Pathol. 2001;54:526–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Van Der Kraak L, Gros P, Beauchemin N. Colitis-associated colon cancer: is it in your genes? World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(41):11688–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Lennerz J, van der Sloot KW, Le LP, et al. Colorectal cancer in Crohn’s colitis is comparable to sporadic colorectal cancer. Int J Color Dis. 2016;31:973–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Yaeger R, Shah MA, Miller VA, et al. Genomic alterations observed in colitis-associated cancers are distinct from those found in sporadic colorectal cancers and vary by type of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2016;151:278–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kumar A, Thotakura PL, Tiwary BK, Krishna R. Target identification in Fusobacterium nucleatum by subtractive genomics approach and enrichment analysis of host-pathogen protein-protein interactions. BMC Microbiol. 2016;16:84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Yamamoto M, Matsumoto S. Gut microbiota and colorectal cancer. Genes Environ. 2016;38:11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Kanauchi O, Mitsuyama K, Andoh A. The new prophylactic strategy for colitic cancer in inflammatory bowel disease by modulating microbiota. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2013;48:387–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Laine L, Kaltenbach T, Barkun A, et al. SCENIC international consensus statement on surveillance and management of dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:639–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Gabbani T, Manetti N, Bonanomi AG, et al. New endoscopic imaging techniques in surveillance of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;7(3):230–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Magro F, Gionchetti P, Eliakim R, et al. Third European evidence-based consensus on diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis. Part 1: definitions, diagnosis, extra-intestinal manifestations, pregnancy, cancer surveillance, surgery, and ileo-anal pouch disorders. J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11(6):649–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Riddell RH, Goldman H, Ransohoff DF, Appelman HD, Fenoglio CM, Haggitt RC, Ahren C, Correa P, Hamilton SR, Morson BC, et al. Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications. Hum Pathol. 1983;14(11):931–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Fumery M, Dulai PS, Gupta S, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis with low-grade dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15:665–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Rubio CA, Befrits R, Jaramillo E, Nesi G, Amorosi A. Villous and serrated adenomatous growth bordering carcinomas in inflammatory bowel disease. Anticancer Res. 2000;20(6C):4761–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Iacucci M, Hassan C, Fort Gasia M, et al. Serrated adenoma prevalence in inflammatory bowel disease surveillance colonoscopy, and characteristics revealed by chromoendoscopy and virtual chromoendoscopy. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;28(11):589–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Ten Hove JR, Mooiweer E, Dekker E, et al. Low rate of dysplasia detection in mucosa surrounding dysplastic lesions in patients undergoing surveillance for inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15:222–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Hata K, Watanabe T, Kazama S, et al. Earlier surveillance colonoscopy program improves survival in patients with ulcerative colitis associated colorectal cancer: results of a 23-year surveillance program in the Japanese population. Br J Cancer. 2003;89:1232–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Yu JX, East JE, Kaltenbach T. Surveillance of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2016;30(6):949–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Rubenstein JH, Waljee AK, Jeter JM, Velayos FS, Ladabaum U, Higgins PD. Cost effectiveness of ulcerative colitis surveillance in the setting of 5-aminosalicylates. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(9):2222–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Konijeti GG, Shrime MG, Ananthakrishnan AN, Chan AT. Cost-effectiveness analysis of chromoendoscopy for colorectal cancer surveillance in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;79(3):455–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Negron ME, Kaplan GG, Barkema HW, Eksteen B, Clement F, Manns BJ, et al. Colorectal cancer surveillance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis: an economic evaluation. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20(11):2046–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Lutgens M, van Oijen M, Mooiweer E, van der Valk M, Vleggaar F, Siersema P, et al. A risk-profiling approach for surveillance of inflammatory bowel disease-colorectal carcinoma is more cost-effective: a comparative cost-effectiveness analysis between international guidelines. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;80(5):842–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Omidvari A. Cost effectiveness of surveillance for GI cancers. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2016;30:879–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Kornbluth A, Sachar DB. Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults: American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:501–23; quiz 524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Watanabe T, Ajioka Y, Mitsuyama K, et al. Comparison of targeted vs random biopsies for surveillance of ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2016;151:1122–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Mowat C, Cole A, Windsor A, et al. Guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut. 2011;60:571–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Ishii H, Hata K, Kishikawa J, et al. Incidence of neoplasias and effectiveness of postoperative surveillance endoscopy for patients with ulcerative colitis: comparison of ileorectal anastomosis and ileal pouch anal anastomosis. World J Surg Oncol. 2016;14:75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Itzkowitz SH, Present DH, Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America Colon Cancer in IBD Study Group. Consensus conference: colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;11:314–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Bernstein CN, Shanahan F, Weinstein WM. Are we telling patients the truth about surveillance colonoscopy in ulcerative colitis? Lancet. 1994;343:71–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Gasia MF, Ghosh S, Panaccione R, et al. Targeted biopsies identify larger proportions of patients with colonic neoplasia undergoing high-definition colonoscopy, dye chromoendoscopy, or electronic virtual chromoendoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:704–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Leong RW, Ooi M, Corte C, et al. Full-spectrum endoscopy improves surveillance for dysplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology. 2017;152:1337–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Efthymiou M, Allen PB, Taylor AC, et al. Chromoendoscopy versus narrow band imaging for colonic surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19:2132–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Fugazza A, Gaiani F, Carra MC, et al. Confocal laser endomicroscopy in gastrointestinal and pancreatobiliary diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bio Med Res Int. 2016;2016:4638683.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Tontini GE, Rath T, Neumann H. Advanced gastrointestinal endoscopic imaging for inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(3):1246–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Kisiel JB, Konijeti GG, Piscitello AJ, et al. Stool DNA analysis is cost-effective for colorectal cancer surveillance in patients with ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:1778–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Picco MF, Pasha S, Leighton JA, et al. Procedure time and the determination of polypoid abnormalities with experience: implementation of a chromoendoscopy program for surveillance colonoscopy for ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19:1913–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Moussata D, Allez M, Cazals-Hatem M, et al. Are random biopsies still useful for the detection of intraepithelial neoplasia in IBD patients undergoing surveillance colonoscopy with chromoendoscopy? Gut. 2012;61(suppl 3):A24.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Blonksi W, Kundu R, Lewis J, et al. Is dysplasia visible during surveillance colonoscopy in patients with ulcerative colitis? Scand J Gastronterol. 2008;43:698–703.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Yashiro M. Ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(44):16389–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Gong J, Zhu L, Guo Z, Li Y, Zhu W, Li N, et al. Use of thiopurines and risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e81487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Meeker S, Seamons A, Paik J, Treuting PM, Brabb T, Grady WM, Maggio-Price L. Increased dietary vitamin D suppresses MAPK signaling, colitis, and colon cancer. Cancer Res. 2014;74:4398–408.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Seamons A, Maggio-Price L, Paik J. Protective links between vitamin D, inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(3):933–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Hummel DM, Thiem U, Höbaus J, Mesteri I, Gober L, Stremnitzer C, Graça J, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Kallay E. Prevention of preneoplastic lesions by dietary vitamin D in a mouse model of colorectal carcinogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013;136:284–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Ananthakrishnan AN, Cheng SC, Cai T, Cagan A, Gainer VS, Szolovits P, Shaw SY, Churchill S, Karlson EW, Murphy SN, Kohane I, Liao KP. Association between reduced plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D and increased risk of cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:821–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Latella G, Rogler G, Bamias G, et al. Results of the 4th scientific workshop of the ECCO [I]: pathophysiology of intestinal fibrosis in IBD. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8:1147–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Wilson J, Furlano RI, Jick SS, Meier CR. A population-based study examining the risk of malignancy in patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol. 2016;51:1050–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Horsley-Silva JL, Rodriguez EA, Franco DL, Lindor KD. An update on cancer risk and surveillance in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Liver Int. 2017;37(8):1103–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Yadav S, Singh S, Harmsen WS, et al. Effect of medications on risk of cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a population-based cohort study from Olmsted County, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(6):738–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Garg S, Loftus EV Jr. Risk of cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: going up, going down, or still the same? Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2016;32:274–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Khan N, Abbas AM, Lichtenstein GR, Loftus EV Jr, Bazzano LA. Risk of lymphoma in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with thiopurines: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2013;145:1007–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Kotlyar DS, Lewis JD, Beaugerie L, et al. Risk of lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:847.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Madanchi M, Zeitz J, Barthel C, et al. Malignancies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a single-centre experience. Digestion. 2016;94:1–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Hyams JS, Dubinsky MC, Baldassano RN, et al. Infliximab is not associated with increased risk of malignancy or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(8):1901–1914.e3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Scott FI, Mamtani R, Brensinger CM, et al. Risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer associated with the use of immunosuppressant and biologic agents in patients with a history of autoimmune disease and nonmelanoma skin cancer. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152(2):164–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Osterman MT, Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF, et al. Increased risk of malignancy with adalimumab combination therapy, compared with monotherapy, for Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:941–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Long MD, Martin CF, Pipkin CA, et al. Risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2012;143:390–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Chevaux JB, Bouvier AM, et al. Risk of melanoma in patients who receive thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease is not increased. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107:1443–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Rivera-Acosta J, Aponte M, Villamil I, et al. Human papilloma virus awareness among hispanic females with inflammatory bowel disease. J Racial Ethnic Health Disparities. 2016;3:55–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Shah SB, Pickham D, Araya H, et al. Prevalence of anal dysplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:1955–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Giagkou E, Christodoulou DK, Katsanos KH. Mouth cancer in inflammatory bowel diseases. Oral Dis. 2016;22:260–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Rousseau A, Taberne R, Siberchicot F, Fricain JC, Zwetyenga N. Cancer of the cheek in a patient under etanercept. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 2009;110:306–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Antoniou C, Dessinioti C, Vergou T, et al. Sequential treatment with biologics: switching from efalizumab to etanerceptin 35 patients with high-need psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24:1413–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy

    Gian Luigi de’Angelis & Federica Gaiani

  2. Department of Digestive, Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Henri Mondor University Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Est – UPEC, Créteil, France

    Nicola de’Angelis

Authors
  1. Gian Luigi de’Angelis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Federica Gaiani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nicola de’Angelis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gian Luigi de’Angelis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Digestive Surgery and Endoscopic Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy

    Luigi Dall'Oglio

  2. Gastroentology Unit, Pediatric Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

    Claudio Romano

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

de’Angelis, G.L., Gaiani, F., de’Angelis, N. (2018). Cancer and Dysplasia Surveillance. In: Dall'Oglio, L., Romano, C. (eds) Endoscopy in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61249-2_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61249-2_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-61248-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-61249-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation