Skip to main content

A CBR System for Efficient Face Recognition Under Partial Occlusion

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development (ICCBR 2017)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 10339))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

This work focuses on the design and validation of a CBR system for efficient face recognition under partial occlusion conditions. The proposed CBR system is based on a classical distance-based classification method, modified to increase its robustness to partial occlusion. This is achieved by using a novel dissimilarity function which discards features coming from occluded facial regions. In addition, we explore the integration of an efficient dimensionality reduction method into the proposed framework to reduce computational cost. We present experimental results showing that the proposed CBR system outperforms classical methods of similar computational requirements in the task of face recognition under partial occlusion.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    In the context of face recognition, partial occlusion refers to the situation where some parts of the faces the system must identify are covered by some artefact.

  2. 2.

    In the context of face recognition, face alignment refers to the task of locating a series of facial key-points in an image, such as eyes, nose, mouth corners, etc.

  3. 3.

    See Sect. 4 for details about the evaluation database.

  4. 4.

    This complexity corresponds to the version of the algorithm which computes and stores dissimilarities in a vector of dimension n. If distances are re-computed to find each nearest neighbour, the complexity is \(\mathcal {O}(knd)\).

  5. 5.

    To ease this, we always select gird sizes such that occlusion units defined as cells in the smallest grid contain an integer number of cells from the bigger grids.

  6. 6.

    Second session images are not available for all individuals in the dataset.

References

  1. Achlioptas, D.: Database-friendly random projections. In: Proceedings of the Twentieth ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGART Symposium on Principles of Database Systems, pp. 274–281. ACM (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Chan, C.-H., Kittler, J., Messer, K.: Multi-scale local binary pattern histograms for face recognition. In: Lee, S.-W., Li, S.Z. (eds.) ICB 2007. LNCS, vol. 4642, pp. 809–818. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74549-5_85

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. Chen, D., Cao, X., Wen, F., Sun, J.: Blessing of dimensionality: high-dimensional feature and its efficient compression for face verification. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 3025–3032 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Dasgupta, S., Gupta, A.: An elementary proof of a theorem of johnson and lindenstrauss. Random Struct. Algorithms 22(1), 60–65 (2003)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Ekenel, H.K.: A robust face recognition algorithm for real-world applications. Ph.D. thesis, Karlsruhe, University, Dissertation, 2009 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Hechenbichler, K., Schliep, K.: Weighted k-nearest-neighbor techniques and ordinal classification. Technical report, Discussion paper//Sonderforschungsbereich 386 der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Jia, H., Martinez, A.M.: Face recognition with occlusions in the training and testing sets. In: 8th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition, 2008, FG 2008, pp. 1–6. IEEE (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  8. King, D.E.: Dlib-ml: a machine learning toolkit. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 10, 1755–1758 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Liu, J., Deng, Y., Huang, C.: Targeting ultimate accuracy: face recognition via deep embedding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.07310 (2015)

  10. Lopez-de-Arenosa, P., Díaz-Agudo, B., Recio-García, J.A.: CBR tagging of emotions from facial expressions. In: Lamontagne, L., Plaza, E. (eds.) ICCBR 2014. LNCS, vol. 8765, pp. 245–259. Springer, Cham (2014). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11209-1_18

    Google Scholar 

  11. Martinez, A.M.: The AR face database. CVC Tech. Rep. 24 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Martínez, A.M.: Recognizing imprecisely localized, partially occluded, and expression variant faces from a single sample per class. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 24(6), 748–763 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Min, R., Hadid, A., Dugelay, J.-L.: Improving the recognition of faces occluded by facial accessories. In: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition and Workshops (FG 2011), pp. 442–447. IEEE (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ojala, T., Pietikäinen, M., Harwood, D.: A comparative study of texture measures with classification based on featured distributions. Pattern Recognit. 29(1), 51–59 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ojala, T., Pietikäinen, M., Mäenpää, T.: Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 24(7), 971–987 (2002)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. Tan, X., Chen, S., Zhou, Z.-H., Zhang, F.: Recognizing partially occluded, expression variant faces from single training image per person with SOM and soft k-NN ensemble. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 16(4), 875–886 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Tzimiropoulos, G.: Project-out cascaded regression with an application to face alignment. In: 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 3659–3667. IEEE (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Weber, R., Schek, H.-J., Blott, S.: A quantitative analysis and performance study for similarity-search methods in high-dimensional spaces. VLDB 98, 194–205 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel López-Sánchez .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this paper

Cite this paper

López-Sánchez, D., Corchado, J.M., González Arrieta, A. (2017). A CBR System for Efficient Face Recognition Under Partial Occlusion. In: Aha, D., Lieber, J. (eds) Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development. ICCBR 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10339. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61030-6_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61030-6_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-61029-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-61030-6

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics