Skip to main content

Reasons for Optimism? China, Japan and Unilateral Naval Restraint in the East China Sea

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
International Security in the Asia-Pacific
  • 679 Accesses

Abstract

Little has been discussed about the unilateral restraint exercised by China and Japan over the East China Sea dispute. While the resort to gunboat diplomacy remains a widely used form of political expression, Collin Koh Swee Lean argues in this chapter that such recourse can still be calibrated by Beijing and Tokyo to ensure that ongoing tensions do not escalate and spin out of control. This chapter also highlights the incremental series of official and semi-official bilateral exchanges that have potentially played a role in facilitating Sino-Japanese rapprochement since late 2014. Given persistent Sino-Japanese differences, Koh argues that with negotiated confidence and security-building measures (CSBMs), such as the proposed crisis management mechanism, not forthcoming, this unilateral restraint looks set to continue as the way forward.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Acharya, A. 2007. Chapter 1 Regional Institutions and Security in the Asia-Pacific: Evolution, Adaptation, and Prospects for Transformation. In Reassessing Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific: Competition, Congruence, and Transformation, ed. A. Acharya and E. Goh. Cambridge, MA/London: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agence France Presse. 2013. Japanese Automakers’ Sales in China Surge in November. Agence France Presse, December 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asia & Japan Watch. 2016. China’s Legal Argument on Use of Tokara Strait Infuriates Japan. Asia & Japan Watch, June 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • BBC. 2012a. Japanese, Chinese Officials to Discuss Ways to Avoid Maritime Conflicts. BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific, May 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2012b. Japan-China Talks on Defence Communication Suspended Due to Island Row. BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific, October 26.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015a. Japan, China eye Maritime Crisis Management Talks in May. BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific, March 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015b. Chinese, Japanese Military Officials Discuss Maritime, Aerial Crisis Mechanism. BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific, May 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borawski, J. 1986. The World of CBMs. In Avoiding War in the Nuclear Age: Confidence-building Measures for Crisis Stability, ed. John Borawski, 9–39. Boulder/London: Westview Press Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cable, J. 1994. Gunboat Diplomacy 1919–1991. 3rd ed. Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai, H., and Y. Zhang. 2016. Liaison Procedure Gets a Push. China Daily, August 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, M. 2015. Sea, Air Link Gets Boost. China Daily, June 26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi, C. 2012. Military Meeting First Since Storm over Diaoyus. South China Morning Post, October 16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cottey, A., and A. Forster. 2004. Reshaping Defence Diplomacy: New Roles for Military Cooperation and Assistance. Aldephi Paper, 365. London: Oxford University Press for the International Institute for Strategic Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desjardins, M. 1996. Rethinking Confidence-Building Measures. Aldephi Paper, 307. London: Oxford University Press for the International Institute for Strategic Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewitt, D. 1994. Common, Comprehensive, and Cooperative Security. The Pacific Review 7 (1): 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dow Jones. 2013. Japan Parliamentary Defense Secretary: Tokyo, Beijing Need Emergency Military Hotline. Dow Jones Global Equities News, February 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durch, W.J. 1992. Naval Arms Control and the Norwegian Sea: A US Perspective. In Europe and Naval Arms Control in the Gorbachev Era, eds. A. Furst, V. Heise, and S.E. Miller, 15–42. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, G. 1993. Cooperating for Peace: The Global Agenda for the 1990s and Beyond. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fieldhouse, R. 1989. Chapter 4: Naval Forces and Arms Control: A Look to the Future. In Superpowers at Sea: An Assessment of the Naval Arms Race, eds. R.W. Fieldhouse and S. Taoka, 155–177. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1990. Naval Forces and Arms Control. In Security at Sea: Naval Forces and Arms Control, ed. R. Fieldhouse, 3–42. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fravel, T. 2010. Explaining Stability in the Senkaku (Diaoyu) Dispute. In Getting the Triangle Straight: Managing China-Japan-US Relations, ed. G. Curtis, R. Kokubun, and J. Wang. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Global Times. 2016. Diaoyu Provocation Will Be Countered. Global Times, January 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, J.R., Rear Admiral. 1989. Arms Control at Sea. London/New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinds, J.E. 1986. The Limits of Confidence. In Avoiding War in the Nuclear Age: Confidence-Building Measures for Crisis Stability, ed. J. Borawski, 184–198. Boulder/London: Westview Press Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holst, J.J., and K.A. Melander. 1997. European Security and Confidence-Building Measures. Survival 19 (4 July/August): 146–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Japan News. 2014. China Excludes MSDF from Fleet Review. The Japan News, March 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. Talks on Japan-China Maritime Liaison Mechanism Deadlock. The Japan News, October 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiji. 2008. Japan MSDF Destroyer to Deliver Quake Relief to China. Jiji Press English News Service, June 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011a. Japan MSDF, Chinese Navy to Resume Mutual Visits. Jiji Press English News Service, December 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011b. Japan, China Agree on Swift Contact in Maritime Incident. Jiji Press English News Service, January 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015a. EXCLUSIVE: Japan Makes Leaders’ Exchange Proposal to China. Jiji Press English News Service, October 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015b. Japan to Mark 3rd Anniversary of Senkaku Isles Nationalization Friday. Jiji Press English News Service, September 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015c. China Hits Back at Japan over Maritime Activities. Jiji Press English News Service, August 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015d. Japan, China Agree to Launch Communications Mechanism Early. Jiji Press English News Service, November 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016a. Talks on Japan-China Communication Mechanism Stalled Long. Jiji Press English News Service, June 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016b. China-Build Platform in E. China Sea Mounted with Radar. Jiji Press English News Service, August 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016c. Japan SDF May Engage in Maritime Policing Activities: Nakatani. Jiji Press English News Service, January 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ko, S. 2015. Japan Reaffirms Control over Senkakus to Asian English-Language Media. Kyodo News, April 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulagin, V. 1992. Naval Arms Control in the Baltic Sea: A Soviet Perspective. In Europe and Naval Arms Control in the Gorbachev Era, eds. A. Furst, V. Heise, and S.E. Miller, 125–137. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuroiwa, T. 2016. YIES/Kishida Resolved to Improve China Ties. The Japan News, April 26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwok, K. 2015. Crisis-Management Talks Stall. South China Morning Post, October 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyodo. 2007. Japan Cancels Plan to Show High-tech Destroyer to China. Kyodo News, November 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2008. FOCUS: Miscalculation Forces Japan to Give Up SDF Aid Plan for China. Kyodo News, May 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. MSDF Fleet Returns from Around-World Voyage Without China Visit. Kyodo News, October 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2012a. Top Chinese Military Officer Will Forgo Visit to Japan. Kyodo News, May 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2012b. Nippon Foundation Abolishes Defense Exchange Program amid Japan-China Row. Kyodo News, October 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2012c. Japan, China to Set Up Military Communications Channel for E. China Sea. Kyodo News, July 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013a. Ex-defense Minister, China Navy Colonel Agree on Need to Avoid Clash. Kyodo News, February 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013b. UPDATE1: Japan, China Hold Defense Talks on Maritime Communications Mechanism. Kyodo News, April 26.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013c. Japan, China to Continue Talks on Mechanism to Avoid Maritime Clashes. Kyodo News, May 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013d. Japan, China to Continue Talks on Mechanism to Avoid Maritime Clashes. Kyodo News, June 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013e. Chinese Visitors to Japan Double During October Holiday Period. Kyodo News, October 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. China’s Top Leaders Agreed to Avoid Military Clash with Japan. Kyodo News, January 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015a. Japan Protests Chinese Navy’s Video on Senkakus. Kyodo News, August 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015b. Japan, China Agree on Early Setup of Maritime Communication System. Kyodo News, June 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015c. Japan, China to Ink Accord on Maritime Communication System in July. Kyodo News, June 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016a. Japan Protests to China over Radar on Gas rig in E. China Sea. Kyodo News, August 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016b. Japan Warned China of Action if Territory Violated: Sources. Kyodo News, June 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016c. Record-High 83% of Japanese Do Not Feel Friendly Toward China: Survey. Kyodo News, March 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacy, J.L. 1991. Within and Beyond Naval Confidence-Building: The Legacy and the Options, The RAND Note, N-3122-USDP. Santa Monica: The RAND Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lodgaard, S., and J.P. Holdren. 1990. Chapter 1: Naval Arms Control. In Naval Arms Control, ed. S. Lodgaard, 1–41. Oslo: International Peace Research Institute; London: SAGE Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutken, C.A., Vice Admiral (Ret). 1990. Chapter 9: Confidence and Security Building – A Naval Perspective. In Naval Arms Control, ed. S. Lodgaard, 138–145. Oslo: International Peace Research Institute; London: SAGE Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mack, A. 1993. Arms Control at Sea. In Naval Power in the Pacific: Toward the Year 2000, ed. H. Smith and A. Bergin. Boulder/London: Lynne Reiner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mainichi. 2016. Chinese, Russian Vessels’ Foray into Senkaku Waters Was Planned: Japanese Gov’t. The Mainichi, June 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medcalf, R., R. Heinrichs, with J. Jones. 2011. Crisis and Confidence: Major Powers and Maritime Security in Indo-Pacific Asia. Sydney: Lowy Institute for International Policy, June.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Defense of Japan. 2016. Press Conference by Defense Minister Inada Tomomi (10:44–11:15 A.M. August 5, 2016).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2013. Joint Statement of the ASEAN-Japan Commemorative Summit:Hand in Hand, Facing Regional and Global Challenges,” December 14. Available at: http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/page3e_000132.html. Accessed 2 Nov 2015.

  • ———. 2014a. Regarding Discussions Toward Improving Japan-China Relations, November 7. Available at: http://www.mofa.go.jp/a_o/c_m1/cn/page4e_000150.html. Accessed 18 June 2016.

  • ———. 2014b. Japan-China Summit Meeting, November 10. Available at: http://www.mofa.go.jp/a_o/c_m1/cn/page4e_000151.html. Accessed 18 June 2016.

  • ———. 2016. Chapter 1: International Situation and Japan’s Diplomacy in 2015. Diplomatic Blue Book 2016, July 29. Available at: http://www.mofa.go.jp/fp/pp/page24e_000157.html. Accessed 9 Aug 2016.

  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2014. Yang Jiechi Meets National Security Advisor of Japan Shotaro Yachi: China and Japan Reach Four-Point Principled Agreement on Handling and Improving Bilateral Relations, November 7. Available at: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1208360.shtml. Accessed 2 Nov 2015.

  • ———. 2015. Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunyings Regular Press Conference on March 5, 2015. Available at: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1243039.shtml. Accessed 6 Sept 2015.

  • ———. 2016a. Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunyings Remarks on Japans New Defense White Paper, August 3. Available at: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/t1386733.shtml. Accessed 9 Aug 2016.

  • ———. 2016b. Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lu Kangs Remarks on Japanese Foreign Ministers Statement on the Award of South China Sea Arbitration initiated by the Philippines, July 12. Available at: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1380245.shtml. Accessed 9 Aug 2016.

  • Mo, J. 2016. Japanese Accused of Fighter Jet Provocation over Zone. China Daily, July 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikkei. 2011a. Japan, China to Discuss Maritime Crisis Prevention. Nikkei Report, November 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011b. Japan, China Vice Ministers to Pursue Maritime Security Talks. Nikkei Report, December 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. Japanese Megabanks Beefing Up Chinese Operations Again. Nikkei Report, July 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi, Y. 2016. Japan Trawlers Driven Out of East China Sea by Chinese boats. Asia & Japan Watch, July 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nolan, J.E. 1994. Global Engagement: Cooperation and Security in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.

    Google Scholar 

  • People’s Daily. 2012. Japan Must Make a Strategic Choice. Peoples Daily Online, October 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuters. 2015. Japan, China to Agree on Procedures for Unexpected Military Encounters: Source. Reuters News, June 26.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016. Japan Protests After Chinese Coastguards and Fishing Boats Sail Near Disputed Islets. Reuters News, August 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schofield, C.H., and I. Townsend-Gault. 2011. Choppy Waters Ahead in “A Sea of Peace Cooperation and Friendship”? Slow Progress Towards the Application of Maritime Joint Development to the East China Sea. Marine Policy 35: 25–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sieg, L. 2013. Interview-Japan, China Need “Rules of Game” to Avoid Clash – Abe Adviser. Reuters News, January 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • South China Morning Post. 2016. Questions of Neutrality: China Takes Aim at Judges in South China Sea Case. South China Morning Post, July 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, S.W. 2005. The Territorial Dispute over the Tiaoyu/Senkaku Islands: An Update. Ocean Development & International Law 36: 45–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tritten, T.J., and C. Sumida. 2009. China Gets Rare Ship Tour: Japan Shows Off Aegis-Equipped Destroyer at Sasebo. Stars and Stripes, December 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs. 1982. Comprehensive Study on Confidence-Building Measures. Report for the Secretary-General, A/36/474. New York: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1990. Disarmament: Confidence and Security-Building Measures in Asia; based on materials from a regional meeting held at Kathmandu, Nepal, 29–31 January 1990. New York: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Want China Times. 2015. Japan and China to Sign Off on Maritime Liaison Mechanism. Want China Times, June 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, S.B. 1996. Chapter 4: Incidents at Sea Agreements and Maritime Confidence-Building Measures. In The Seas Unite: Maritime Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region, ed. S. Bateman and S. Bates. Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiegand, K.E. 2009. China’s Strategy in the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands Dispute: Issue Linkage and Coercive Diplomacy. Asian Security 5 (2): 170–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xinhua. 2015a. China Exclusive: China, Japan Poised to Launch Crisis Management Mechanism: General. Xinhua News Agency, March 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015b. China, Japan Agreed to Continue Discussion on Early Start of Air, Marine Contact Mechanism. Xinhua News Agency, December 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016a. China Refutes Intrusion into Japan’s Territorial Waters. Xinhua News Agency, June 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016b. China Urges Japan to Take into Account Other’s Security Concern. Xinhua News Agency, July 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016c. China Denounces Japanese Defense Minister’s Denial of Nanjing Atrocities. Xinhua News Agency, August 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016d. China Firmly Opposes Japan’s Defense White Paper: Defense Ministry. Xinhua News Agency, August 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016e. News Analysis: Shunji Yanai, Manipulator Behind Illegal South China Sea Arbitration. Xinhua News Agency, July 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yonhap. 2016. South Korean Navy to Resume Exchange Program with Japan. Yonhap English News, August 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, R. 2015. Japan Denies Suggesting Early Reciprocal Visits by Abe and Xi. The Japan Times, October 23.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Koh, C. (2018). Reasons for Optimism? China, Japan and Unilateral Naval Restraint in the East China Sea. In: Chong, A. (eds) International Security in the Asia-Pacific. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60762-7_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics