Abstract
Trends in global Fisheries indicate an overall decline in productivity of world fishery resources and almost 30% of fish stocks world-wide are still overfished. In Europe the amount of sustainably harvested stocks strongly increased over the last 10 years. Nonetheless, with a fast growing world population the pressure on fish stocks will remain high. As fish stocks can unfurl high productivity only in healthy marine ecosystems, it is extremely important to minimise the negative impacts of fishing on target species and communities as well as benthic ecosystems and habitats. First of all, fishing exerts mortality on target species and reduces their natural abundance. When a fishery targets more than a single species in mixed fisheries, similar responses may be observed for all species in focus. Fishing can also impact non-target as well as rare and sensitive species via unintended by-catch and has indirect effects on ecosystems and habitats via food web interactions and physical damage degrading habitat quality. In this chapter, we provide a short overview on the specific effects of fishing on target and by-catch species, communities as well as benthos and benthic habitats.
References
Alverson DL, Freeberg MH, Pope JG, Murawski SA (1994) A global assessment of fisheries by-catch and discards. FAO fisheries technical papers T339.
Anticamara JA, Watson A, Gelchua A, Pauly D (2011) Global fishing effort (1950–2010): trends, gaps, and implications. Fish Res 107:131–136
Auster PJ, Malatesta RJ, Langton RW, Watling L, Valentine PC, Donaldson CL, Langton EW, Shepard AN, Babb IG (1996) The impacts of mobile fishing gear on seafloor habitats in the Gulf of Maine (Northwest Atlantic): implications for conservation of fish populations. Rev Fish Sci 4:185–202
Bergman MJN, Hup M (1992) Direct effects of beamtrawling on macrofauna in a sandy sediment in the southern North Sea. ICES J Mar Sci 49(1):5–11
Bergman MJN, van Santbrink JW (2000) Mortality in megafaunal benthic populations caused by trawl fisheries on the Dutch continental shelf in the North Sea in 1994. ICES J Mar Sci 57:1321–1331
Blanchard F, LeLoc’h F, Hily C, Boutoute J (2004) Fishing effects on diversity, size and community structure of the benthic invertebrate and fish megafauna on the Bay of Biscay coast of France. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 280:249–260
Borges L, Rogan E, Officer R (2005) Discarding by the demersal fishery in the waters around Ireland. Fish Res 76:1–13
Buhl-Mortensen L, Neat F, Koen-Alonso M, Hvingel C, Holte B (2016) Fishing impacts on benthic ecosystems: an introduction to the 2014 ICES symposium special issue. ICES J Mar Sci 73(Suppl 1):i1–i4
Casini M, Lövgren J, Hjelm J, Cardinale M, Molinero J-C, Kornilovs G (2008) Multi-level trophic cascades in a heavily exploited open marine ecosystem. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 275:1793–1801
Chassot E, Bonhommeau S, Dulvy NK, Melin F, Watson R, Gascuel D, Pape OL (2010) Global marine primary production constrains fisheries catches. Ecol Lett 13:495–505
Churchill JH (1989) The effect of commercial trawling on sediment resuspension and transport over the Middle Atlantic Bight continental shelf. Cont Shelf Res 9:841–864
Coll M, Shannon LJ, Kleisner KM, Juan-Jordá MJ, Bundy A, Akoglu AG, Banaru D, Boldt JL, Borges MF, Cook A, Diallo I, Fu C, Fox C, Gascuel D, Gurney LJ, Hattab T, Heymans JJ, Jouffre D, Knight BR, Kucukavsar S, Large SI, Lynam C, Machias A, Marshall KN, Masski H, Ojaveer H, Piroddi C, Tam J, Thiao D, Thiaw M, Torres MA, Travers-Trolet M, Tsagarakis K, Tuck I, van der Meeren GI, Yemane D, Zador SG, Shin Y-J (2016) Ecological indicators to capture the effects of fishing on biodiversity and conservation status of marine ecosystems. Ecol Indic 60:947–962
Collie JS, Escanero GA, Valentine PC (1997) Effects of bottom fishing on the benthic megafauna of Georges Bank. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 155:159–172
Collie JS, Hall SJ, Kaiser MJ, Poiner IR (2000) A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. J Anim Ecol 69:785–798
Conover DO, Arnott SA, Walsh MR, Munch SB (2005) Darwinian fishery science: lessons from the Atlantic silverside. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 62:730–737
Conversi A, Dakos V, Gårdmark A, Ling S, Folke C, Mumby PJ, Greene C, Edwards M, Blenckner T, Casini M, Pershing M, Möllmann C (2015) A holistic view of marine regime shifts. Philos Trans R Soc B 370:20130279
Crowder LB, Hazen EL, Avissar N, Bjorkland R, Latanich C, Ogburn MB (2008) The impacts of fisheries on marine ecosystems and the transition to ecosystem-based management. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 39:259–278
Croxall JP, Butchart SHM, Lascelles B, Stattersfield AJ, Sullivan B, Symes A, Taylor P (2012) Seabird conservation status, threats and priority actions: a global assessment. Bird Conserv Int 22:1–34
Dayton PK, Thrush SF, Agardy TM, Hofman RJ (1995) Environmental effects of fishing. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshwat Ecosyst 5:205–232
De Groot SJ (1984) The impact of bottom trawling on benthic fauna of the North Sea. Ocean Manage 9:177–190
De Juan S, Thrush SF, Demestre M (2007) Functional changes as indicators of trawling disturbance on a benthic community located in a fishing ground (NW Mediterranean Sea). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 334:117–129
van Denderen PD, Bolam SG, Hiddink JG, Jennings S, Kenny A, Rijnsdorp AD, van Kooten T (2015a) Similar effects of bottom trawling and natural disturbance on composition and function of benthic communities across habitats. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 541:31–43
van Denderen PD, Hintzen NT, van Kooten T, Rijnsdorp AD (2015b) Temporal aggregation of bottom trawling and its implication for the impact on the benthic ecosystem. ICES J Mar Sci 72:952–961
Dulvy NK, Sadovy Y, Reynolds JD (2003) Extinction vulnerability in marine fish populations. Fish Fish 4:25–64
Eigaard OR, Bastardie F, Breen M, Dinesen GE, Hintzen NT, Laffargue P, Mortensen LO, Nielsen JR, Nilsson HC, O’Neill FG, Polet H, Reid DG, Sala A, Sköld M, Smith C, Sørensen TK, Tully O, Zengin M, Rijnsdorp AD (2016) Estimating seabed pressure from demersal trawls, seines, and dredges based on gear design and dimensions. ICES J Mar Sci 73(Suppl 1):i27–i43
Engelhard GH, Lynam CP, García-Carreras B, Dolder PJ, Mackinson S (2015) Effort reduction and the large fish indicator: spatial trends reveal positive impacts of recent European fleet reduction schemes. Environ Conserv 42:227–236
European Commission (2015) Konsultation zu den Fangmöglichkeiten 2016 im Rahmen der Gemeinsamen Fischereipolitik. COM (2015) 239
FAO (2010) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2010, Rome, 197p
FAO (2014) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2014, Rome, 223p
Fock HO, Kloppmann MHF, Probst WN (2014) An early footprint of fisheries: changes for a demersal fish assemblage in the German Bight from 1902–1932 to 1991–2009. J Sea Res 85:325–335
Frank KT, Petrie B, Choi JS, Leggett WC (2005) Trophic cascades in a formerly cod-dominated ecosystem. Science 308:1621–1623
Frid CLJ, Paramor OAL (2012) Feeding the world: what role for fisheries? ICES J Mar Sci 69:145–150
Frid CLJ, Harwood KG, Hall SJ, Hall JA (2000) Long-term changes in the benthic communities on North Sea fishing grounds. ICES J Mar Sci 57:1303–1309
Gerritsen HD, Minto C, Lordan C (2013) How much of the seabed is impacted by mobile fishing gear? Absolute estimates from Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) point data. ICES J Mar Sci 70:523–531
Godfray HCJ, Beddington JR, Crute IR, Hadad L, Lawrence D, Muir JF, Pretty J, Robinson S, Thomas SM, Toulmin C (2010) Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327:812–818
Gulland JA (1977) Fish population dynamics. John Wiley & Sons, London
Hauser L, Adcock GJ, Smith PJ, Ramirez JHB, Carvalho GR (2002) Loss of microsatellite diversity and low effective population size in an overexploited population of New Zealand snapper (Pagrus auratus). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:11742–11747
Heino M, Dieckmann U, Godø OR (2002) Measuring probabilistic reaction norms for age and size at maturation. Evolution 56:669–678
Heino M, Díaz Pauli B, Dieckmann U (2015) Fisheries-induced evolution. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 46:461–480
Hidalgo M, Olsen EM, Ohlberger J, Saborido-Rey F, Murua H, Piñeiro C, Stenseth NC (2014) Contrasting evolutionary demography induced by fishing: the role of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Ecol Appl 24:1101–1114
Hiddink JG, Jennings S, Kaiser MJ, Queirós AM, Duplisea DE, Piet GJ (2006) Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 63:721–736
Hilborn R, Walters CJ (1992) Quantitative fisheries stock assessment: choice, dynamics and uncertaincy. Chapman and Hall, New York
Hintzen NT, Piet GJ, Brunel T (2010) Improved estimation of trawling tracks using cubic Hermite spline interpolation of position registration data. Fish Res 101:108–115
Hixon MA, Johnson DW, Sogard SM (2014) BOFFFFs: on the importance of conserving old-growth age structure in fishery populations. ICES J Mar Sci 71:2171–2185
Hughes KM, Kaiser MJ, Jennings S, McConnaughey RA, Pitcher R, Hilborn R, Amoroso RO, Collie J, Hiddink JG, Parma AM, Rijnsdorp A (2014) Investigating the effects of mobile bottom fishing on benthic biota: a systematic review protocol. Environ Evid 3:23
Jennings S, Blanchard JL (2004) Fish abundance with no fishing: predictions based on macroecological theory. J Anim Ecol 73:632–642
Jennings S, Kaiser MJ (1998) The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Adv Mar Biol 32:201–352
Jennings S, Kaiser MJ, Reynolds JD (2001a) Marine Fisheries Ecology. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK, 432p
Jennings S, Pinnegar JK, Polunin NVC, Warr KJ (2001b) Impacts of trawling disturbance on the trophic structure of benthic invertebrate communities. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 213:127–142
Jørgensen C, Enberg K, Dunlop ED, Arlinghaus R, Boukal DS, Brander K, Ernande B, Erdmark A, Johnston F, Matsumura S, Pardoe H, Raab K, Silva A, Vainikka A, Dieckmann U, Heino M, Rijnsdorp AR (2007) Managing evolving fish stocks. Science 318:1247–1248
Kaiser MJ (1998) Significance of bottom-fishing disturbance. Conserv Biol 12:1230–1235
Kaiser MJ, de Groot SJ (2000) The effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats: Biological, conservation and socio-economic issues. Blackwell Sciences, Oxford. 399p
Kaiser MJ, Spencer BE (1994) Fish scavenging behaviour in recently trawled areas. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 112:41–49
Kaiser MJ, Edwards DB, Armstrong PJ, Radford K, Lough NEL, Flatt RP, Jones HD (1998) Changes in megafaunal benthic communities in different habitats after trawling disturbance. J Mar Sci 55:353–361
Kaiser MJ, Ramsay K, Richardson CA, Spence FE, Brand AR (2000) Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. J Anim Ecol 69:494–503
Kaiser MJ, Clarke KR, Hinz H, Austen MCV, Somerfield PJ, Karakassis I (2006) Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 311:1–14
Kempf A (2010) Ecosystem approach to fisheries in the European context – history and future challenges. J Appl Ichthyol 26(Suppl 1):102–109
Kenchington ELR, Prena J, Gilkinson KD, Gordon DC, MacIsaac K, Bourbonnais C, Schwinghamer PJ, Rowell TW, McKeown DL, Vass WP (2001) Effects of experimental otter trawling on the macrofauna of a sandy bottom ecosystem on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 58:1043–1057
Kenchington ELR, Gilkinson KD, MacIsaac KG, Bourbonnais-Boyce C, Kenchington TJ, Smith SJ, Gordon DC Jr (2006) Effects of experimental otter trawling on benthic assemblages on Western Bank, northwest Atlantic Ocean. J Sea Res 56:249–270
Kraak SBM, Reid DG, Gerritsen HD, Kelly CJ, Fitzpatrick M, Codling EA, Rogan E (2012) 21st century fisheries management: a spatio-temporally explicit tariff-based approach combining multiple drivers and incentivising responsible fishing. ICES J Mar Sci 69:590–601
Kraus G, Tomkiewicz J, Köster FW (2002) Egg production of Baltic cod in relation to variable sex ratio, maturity and fecundity. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 59:1908–1920
Kraus G, Hinrichsen HH, Voss R, Tomkiewicz J, Teschner E, Köster FW (2012) Robustness of egg production methods as a fishery independent alternative to assess the Eastern Baltic cod stock (Gadus morhua callarias L.) Fish Res 117–118:75–85
Lage C, Kornfield I (2006) Reduced genetic diversity and effective population size in an endangered Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population from Maine, USA. Conserv Genet 7:91–104
Lambert Y, Yaragina NA, Kraus G, Marteinsdottir G, Wright PJ (2003) Correlation between reproductive characteristics and environmental and biological indices as alternative methods of estimating egg production. J Northwest Atl Fish Sci 33:115–159
Lewison R, Oro D, Godley B, Underhill L, Bearhop S, Wilson R, Ainley D, Arcos J, Boersma P, Borboroglu P (2012) Research priorities for seabirds: improving conservation and management in the 21st century. Endanger Species Res 17:93–121
Link JS, Brodziak JKT, Edwards SF, Overholtz WJ, Mountain DG, Jossi JW, Smith TD, Fogarty MJ (2002) Marine ecosystem assessment in a fisheries management context. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 59:1429–1440
Llope M, Daskalov GM, Rouyer TA, Mihneva V, Grishin AN, Chan K-S, Stenseth NC (2011) Overfishing of top predators eroded the resilience of the Black Sea system regardless of the climate and anthropogenic conditions. Glob Chang Biol 17:1251–1265
Loreau M, deMazancourt C (2013) Biodiversity and ecosystem stability: a synthesis of underlying mechanisms. Ecol Lett 16:106–115
Moritz C, Gravel D, Savard L, McKindsey CW, Brêthes J-C, Archambault P (2015) No more detectable fishing effect on Northern Gulf of St Lawrence benthic invertebrates. ICES J Mar Sci Journal du Conseil 72(8):2457–2466
Möllmann C, Folke C, Edwards M, Conversi A (2015) Marine regime shifts around the globe: theory, drivers and impacts. Philos Trans R Soc B 370:20130260
Murawski SA (2000) Definitions of overfishing from an ecosystem perspective. ICES J Mar Sci 57:649–658
Northridge SP (1984) World review of interactions between marine mammals and fisheries. FAO fisheries technical paper, 251, 190p
Opdal AF, Jørgensen C (2015) Long-term change of a behavioural trait: truncated spawning distribution and demography in Northeast Arctic cod. Glob Chang Biol 21:1521–1530
Pauly D, Zeller D (2016) Catch reconstructions reveal that global marine fisheries catches are higher than reported and declining. Nat Commun 7:10244
Pauly D, Christensen V, Dalsgaard J, Froese R, Torres F Jr (1998) Fishing down marine food webs. Science 279:860–863
Pitcher CR, Burridge CY, Wassenberg TJ, Hill BJ, Poiner IR (2009) A large scale BACI experiment to test the effects of prawn trawling on seabed biota in a closed area of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia. Fish Res 99:168–183
Read AJ, Drinker P, Northridge S (2006) Bycatch of marine mammals in U.S. and global fisheries. Conserv Biol 20:163–169
Riemann B, Hoffmann E (1991) Ecological consequences of dredging and bottom trawling in the Limfjord, Denmark. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 69:171–178
Riesen W, Reise K (1982) Macrobenthos of the subtidal Wadden Sea: revisited after 55 years. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 35:409–423
Rijnsdorp AD, Bastardie F, Bolam SG, Buhl-Mortensen L, Eigaard OR, Hamon KG, Hiddink JG, Hintzen NT, Ivanović A, Kenny A, Laffargue P, Nielsen JR, O’Neill FG, Piet GJ, Polet H, Sala A, Smith C, van Denderen PD, van Kooten T, Zengin M (2016) Towards a framework for the quantitative assessment of trawling impact on the seabed and benthic ecosystem. ICES J Mar Sci 73(Suppl 1):i127–i138
Rowe S, Hutchings JA, Bekkevold D, Rakitin A (2004) Depensation, probability of fertilization, and the mating system of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) ICES J Mar Sci 61:1144–1150
Rumohr H, Kujawski T (2000) The impact of trawl fishery on the epifauna of the southern North Sea. ICES J Mar Sci 57:1389–1394
Scheffer M, Carpenter SR (2003) Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation. Trends Ecol Evol 18:648–656
Scheffer M, Carpenter S, Foley J, Folke C, Walker B (2001) Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413:591–596
Schwinghamer P, Gordon DC, Rowell TW, Prena J, McKeown DL, Sonnichsen G, Guigné JY (1998) Effects of experimental otter trawling on surficial sediment properties of a sandy-bottom ecosystem on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Conserv Biol 12:1215–1222
Shin YJ, Rochet MJ, Jennings S, Field JG, Gislason H (2005) Using size-based indicators to evaluate the ecosystem effects of fishing. ICES J Mar Sci 62:384–396
Smed J, Ramster J (2002) Overfishing science, and politics: the background in the 1890s to the foundation of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. ICES Mar Sci Symp 215:13–21
Sparks-McConkey P, Watling L (2001) Effects on the ecological integrity of a soft-bottom habitat from a trawling disturbance. Hydrobiologia 456:73–85
Stevens JD, Bonfil R, Dulvy NK, Walker PA (2000) The effects of fishing on sharks, rays, and chimaeras (chondrichthyans), and the implications for marine ecosystems. ICES J Mar Sci 57:476–494
Szostek CL, Murray LG, Bell E, Rayner G, Kaiser MJ (2016) Natural vs. fishing disturbance: drivers of community composition on traditional king scallop, Pecten maximus, fishing grounds. ICES J Mar Sci 73(Suppl 1):i70–i83
Tasker ML, Camphuysen CJ, Cooper J, Garthe S, Montevecchi WA, Blaber SJM (2000) The impacts of fishing on marine birds. ICES J Mar Sci 57:531–547
Terborgh J, Estes JA (2010) Trophic cascades. Island Press, Washington, DC. 464p
Thorpe RB, Le Quesne WJF, Luxford F, Collie JS, Jennings S (2015) Evaluation and management implications of uncertainty in a multispecies size-structured model of population and community responses to fishing. Methods Ecol Evol 6:49–58
Thrush SF, Dayton PK (2002) Disturbance to marine benthic habitats by trawling and dredging: implications for marine biodiversity. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 33:449–473
Tillin HM, Hiddink JG, Jennings S, Kaiser MJ (2006) Chronic bottom trawling alters the functional composition of benthic invertebrate communities on a sea-basin scale. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 318:31–45
Tomkiewicz J, Kraus G, Köster FW (2005) Timing of Baltic cod spawning and spawner demography. ICES CM Q:23
Wallace BP, Lewison RL, McDonald SL, McDonald RK, Kot CY, Kelez S, Bjorkland RK, Finkbeiner EM, Helmbrecht S, Crowder LB (2010) Global patterns of marine turtle bycatch. Conserv Lett 3:131–142
Wallace BP, Kot CY, DiMatteo AD, Lee T, Crowder LB, Lewison RL (2013) Impacts of fisheries bycatch on marine turtle populations worldwide: toward conservation and research priorities. Ecosphere 4:40
deYoung B, Barange M, Beaugrand G, Harris R, Perry RI, Scheffer M, Werner F (2008) Regime shifts in marine ecosystems: detection, prediction and management. Trends Ecol Evol 23:402–409
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kraus, G., Diekmann, R. (2018). Impact of Fishing Activities on Marine Life. In: Salomon, M., Markus, T. (eds) Handbook on Marine Environment Protection . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60156-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60156-4_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60154-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-60156-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)