Skip to main content

Binaural Beat Stimulation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Theory-Driven Approaches to Cognitive Enhancement

Abstract

Binaural beat stimulation may offer new possibilities for cognitive enhancement. Some research has already indicated a role for binaural beats in altering mood states and reducing anxiety-related symptoms. However, studies using similar approaches have reported often contradictory effects of this stimulation technique. This may in part be due to the wide range of stimulation protocols with varying frequencies and stimulation durations that have been implemented. We consider how the variation between different protocols may affect the outcomes of binaural beat stimulation, and whether this may have an impact upon the efficacy of the stimulation itself, and possibly give rise to the often contradictory effects observed. Mostly research applying auditory beat stimulation has focused on binaural beats, and so in this chapter we focus on the potential impact of binaural beat stimulation (and less on monaural beat stimulation), and aim to highlight relevant issues concerning stimulation protocols. Further research on binaural beat stimulation may offer the possibility of developing an easy-to-apply, reversible and noninvasive tool for therapeutic targets, and for use within a clinical setting.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Barkley, R. A. (2005). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (3rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becher, A.-K., Höhne, M., Axmacher, N., Chaieb, L., Elger, C. E., & Fell, J. (2014). Intracranial electroencephalography power and phase synchronization changes during monaural and binaural beat stimulation. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 41(2), 254–263. doi:10.1111/ejn.12760

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colzato, L. S., Barone, H., Sellaro, R., & Hommel, B. (2015). More attentional focusing through binaural beats: Evidence from the global-local task. Psychological Research. doi:10.1007/s00426-015-0727-0

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Colzato, L. S., Waszak, F., Nieuwenhuis, S., Posthuma, D. & Hommel, B. (2010). The flexible mind is associated with the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism: Evidence for a role of dopamine in the control of task-switching. Neuropsychologia, 48(9), pp. 2764–2768. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.023

  • Cools, R. (2008). Role of dopamine in the motivational and cognitive control of behavior. The Neuroscientist: A Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry, 14(4), 381–395. doi:10.1177/1073858408317009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corwin, F. W. B. J., & Rey, A. (1993). Psychological examination of traumatic encephalopathy. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 7, 3–21. doi:10.1080/13854049308401883

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Draganova, R., Ross, B., Borgmann, C., & Pantev, C. (2002). Auditory cortical response patterns to multiple rhythms of AM sound. Ear and Hearing, 23(3), 254–265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Draganova, R., Ross, B., Wollbrink, A., & Pantev, C. (2008). Cortical steady-state responses to central and peripheral auditory beats. Cerebral Cortex, 18(5), 1193–1200. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm153

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dreisbach, G., Müller, J., Goschke, T., Strobel, A., Schulze, K., Lesch, K.-P. and Brocke, B. (2005). Dopamine and cognitive control: The influence of spontaneous eyeblink rate and dopamine gene polymorphisms on perseveration and distractibility. Behavioral Neuroscience, 119(2), 483–490. doi:10.1037/0735-7044.119.2.483

  • Emmelkamp, P., & Ehring, T. (2014). The Wiley handbook of anxiety disorders. Accessed April 14, 2015, from http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-111877535X.html

  • Fell, J., & Axmacher, N. (2011). The role of phase synchronization in memory processes. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(2), 105–118. doi:10.1038/nrn2979

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galambos, R., Makeig, S., & Talmachoff, P. J. (1981). A 40-Hz auditory potential recorded from the human scalp. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 78(4), 2643–2647.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, X., Cao, H., Ming, D., Qi, H., Wang, X., Wang, X., et al. (2014). Analysis of EEG activity in response to binaural beats with different frequencies. International Journal of Psychophysiology: Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 94(3), 399–406. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.10.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodin, P., Ciorciari, J., Baker, K., Carey, A.-M., Carrey, A.-M., Harper, M., et al. (2012). A high-density EEG investigation into steady state binaural beat stimulation. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e34789. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034789

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grose, J. H., & Mamo, S. K. (2012). Electrophysiological measurement of binaural beats: Effects of primary tone frequency and observer age. Ear and Hearing, 33(2), 187–194. doi:10.1097/AUD.0b013e318230bbbd

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haggard, M., & Gaston, J. B. (1978). Changes in auditory perception in the menstrual cycle. British Journal of Audiology, 12(4), 105–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karino, S., Yumoto, M., Itoh, K., Uno, A., Yamakawa, K., Sekimoto, S., et al. (2006). Neuromagnetic responses to binaural beat in human cerebral cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 96(4), 1927–1938. doi:10.1152/jn.00859.2005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennel, S., Taylor, A. G., Lyon, D., & Bourguignon, C. (2010). Pilot feasibility study of binaural auditory beats for reducing symptoms of inattention in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 25(1), 3–11. doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2008.06.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuwada, S., Yin, T. C., & Wickesberg, R. E. (1979). Response of cat inferior colliculus neurons to binaural beat stimuli: Possible mechanisms for sound localization. Science, 206(4418), 586–588.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, J. D., Kasian, S. J., Owens, J. E., & Marsh, G. R. (1998). Binaural auditory beats affect vigilance performance and mood. Physiology & Behavior, 63(2), 249–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lavallee, C. F., Koren, S. A., & Persinger, M. A. (2011). A quantitative electroencephalographic study of meditation and binaural beat entrainment. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17(4), 351–355. doi:10.1089/acm.2009.0691

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M., Haviland-Jones, J. M., & Barrett, L. F. (2008). Handbook of emotions (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Licklider, J. C. R., Webster, J. C., & Hedlun, J. M. (1950). On the frequency limits of binaural beats. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 22(4), 468–473. doi:10.1121/1.1906629

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 175–215. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNair, D. M., & Heuchert, J. P. (2011). Profile of mood states (2nd ed.). JvR Psychometrics Assessment Catalogue. Accessed April 14, 2015, from http://catalogue.jvrpsychometrics.co.za/profile-of-mood-states/

  • Ortiz, T., Martínez, A. M., Fernández, A., Maestu, F., Campo, P., Hornero, R., et al. (2008). Impact of auditory stimulation at a frequency of 5 Hz in verbal memory. Actas Españolas De Psiquiatría, 36(6), 307–313.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oster, G. (1973). Auditory beats in the brain. Scientific American, 229(4), 94–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Padmanabhan, R., Hildreth, A. J., & Laws, D. (2005). A prospective, randomised, controlled study examining binaural beat audio and pre-operative anxiety in patients undergoing general anaesthesia for day case surgery. Anaesthesia, 60(9), 874–877. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2005.04287.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pantev, C., Roberts, L. E., Elbert, T., Ross, B., & Wienbruch, C. (1996). Tonotopic organization of the sources of human auditory steady-state responses. Hearing Research, 101(1–2), 62–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Picton, T. W., John, M. S., Dimitrijevic, A., & Purcell, D. (2003). Human auditory steady-state responses. International Journal of Audiology, 42(4), 177–219.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, H., Starr, A., Michalewski, H. J., Dimitrijevic, A., Bleich, N., & Mittelman, N. (2009). Cortical evoked potentials to an auditory illusion: Binaural beats. Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 120(8), 1514–1524. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.06.014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, H., Starr, A., Michalewski, H. J., Dimitrijevic, A., Bleich, N., & Mittelman, N. (2010). A comparison of auditory evoked potentials to acoustic beats and to binaural beats. Hearing Research, 262(1–2), 34–44. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2010.01.013

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., & Arnell, K. M. (1992). Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: an attentional blink? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18(3), 849–860.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reedijk, S. A., Bolders, A., Colzato, L. S., & Hommel, B. (2015). Eliminating the attentional blink through binaural beats: A case for tailored cognitive enhancement. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, 82. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00082

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reedijk, S. A., Bolders, A., & Hommel, B. (2013). The impact of binaural beats on creativity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 786. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00786

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, B., Draganova, R., Picton, T. W., & Pantev, C. (2003). Frequency specificity of 40-Hz auditory steady-state responses. Hearing Research, 186(1–2), 57–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, B., Miyazaki, T., Thompson, J., Jamali, S., & Fujioka, T. (2014). Human cortical responses to slow and fast binaural beats reveal multiple mechanisms of binaural hearing. Journal of Neurophysiology. doi:10.1152/jn.00224.2014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schnupp, J., Nelken, I., & King, A. (2012). Auditory neuroscience: Making sense of sound. Cambridge, MA: MIT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, D. W. F., & Taylor, P. (2005). Human auditory steady state responses to binaural and monaural beats. Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 116(3), 658–668. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2004.09.014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scouarnec, Le., Poirier, R. M., Owens, J. E., Gauthier, J., Taylor, A. G., & Foresman, P. A. (2001). Use of binaural beat tapes for treatment of anxiety: A pilot study of tape preference and outcomes. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 7(1), 58–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Squire, L. R., Bloom, F. E., & Spitzer, N. C. (2008). Fundamental neuroscience (4th ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stough, C., Donaldson, C., Scarlata, B., & Ciorciari, J. (2001). Psychophysiological correlates of the NEO PI-R openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness: Preliminary results. International Journal of Psychophysiology: Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 41(1), 87–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vernon, D., Peryer, G., Louch, J., & Shaw, M. (2012). Tracking EEG changes in response to alpha and beta binaural beats. International Journal of Psychophysiology: Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.10.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wahbeh, H., Calabrese, C., Zwickey, H., & Zajdel, D. (2007a). Binaural beat technology in humans: A pilot study to assess neuropsychologic, physiologic, and electroencephalographic effects. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13(2), 199–206. (New York, NY). doi:10.1089/acm.2006.6201

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wahbeh, H., Calabrese, C., & Zwickey, H. (2007b). Binaural beat technology in humans: A pilot study to assess psychologic and physiologic effects. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13(1), 25–32. doi:10.1089/acm.2006.6196

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warm, J. S., Parasuraman, R., & Matthews, G. (2008). Vigilance requires hard mental work and is stressful. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 50(3), 433–441. doi:10.1518/001872008X312152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1945). Wechsler memory scale. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiland, T. J., Jelinek, G. A., Macarow, K. E., Samartzis, P., Brown, D. M., Grierson, E. M., et al. (2011). Original sound compositions reduce anxiety in emergency department patients: A randomised controlled trial. The Medical Journal of Australia, 195(11–12), 694–698.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leila Chaieb .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chaieb, L., Fell, J. (2017). Binaural Beat Stimulation. In: Theory-Driven Approaches to Cognitive Enhancement. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57505-6_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics