Skip to main content

Separation Anxiety and Panic Disorders in Children

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of DSM-5 Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Abstract

Anxiety disorders are some of the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric concerns in children and adolescents (Beesdo et al., Psychiatr Clin North Am 32:483–524, 2009; Connolly and Bernstein, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr 46:267–283, 2007; Ehrenreich et al., Psicol Conduct 16:389–412, 2008). At the same time, clinicians working with youth must distinguish clinical concerns from developmentally normative, time-limited anxieties. Beesdo and colleagues defined anxiety as pathological “when it interferes with functioning” and becomes “frequent, severe, and persistent” (2009, p. 484). Anxiety disorders in youth are associated with additional comorbid conditions in adulthood, and consequently the early identification and treatment of these disorders are crucial. This chapter will provide an overview of two common anxiety diagnoses: separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and panic disorder (PD). The literature regarding a link between SAD and PD will also be synthesized.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 349.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (1980). Quick reference to the diagnostic criteria from diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: APA.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth Edition (DSM-5™). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Angelosante, A. G., Pincus, D. B., Whitton, S. W., Cheron, D., & Pian, J. (2009). Implementation of an intensive treatment protocol for adolescents with panic disorder and agoraphobia. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16, 345–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asmundson, G. J., Taylor, S., & Smits, J. A. (2014). Panic disorder and agoraphobia: An overview and commentary on DSM-5 changes. Depression and Anxiety, 31(6), 480–486. doi:10.1002/da.22277.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D. H., Craske, M. G., Cerny, J. A., & Klosko, J. S. (1989). Behavioral treatment of panic disorder. Behavior Therapy, 20, 261–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barmish, A. J., & Kendall, P. C. (2005). Should parents be co-clients in cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxious youth? Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(3), 569–581. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beesdo, K., Knappe, S., & Pine, D. S. (2009). Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 32(3), 483–524. doi: S0193-953X(09)00056-2 [pii] 10. 1016/j.psc.2009.06.002.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Beesdo-Baum, K., & Knappe, S. (2012). Developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21(3), 457–478. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2012.05.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berney, T., Kolvin, I., Bhate, S. R., Garside, R. F., Jeans, J., Kay, B., & Scarth, L. (1981). School phobia: A therapeutic trial with clomipramine and short-term outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 110–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, G. A., Borchardt, C. M., Perwien, A. R., Crosby, R. D., Kushner, M. G., Thuras, P. D., & Last, C. G. (2000). Imipramine plus cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of school refusal. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(3), 276–283. doi: S0890-8567(09)66154-2 [pii] 10.1097/00004583-200003000-00008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, G. A., Garfinkel, B. D., & Borchardt, C. M. (1990). Comparative studies of pharmacotherapy for school refusal. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(5), 773–781. doi:10.1097/00004583-199009000-00016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birmaher, B., Axelson, D. A., Monk, K., Kalas, C., Clark, D. B., Ehmann, M., … Brent, D. A. (2003). Fluoxetine for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(4), 415–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackford, J. R., & Pine, D. S. (2012, July). Neural substrates of childhood anxiety disorders: A review of neuroimaging findings. In M. A. Rynn, H. B. Vidair, J. U. Blackford, & H. K. Trivedi (Eds.), Anxiety disorders (vol. 21(3), 2nd ed.pp. 501–526). Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogels, S. M., Knappe, S., & Clark, L. A. (2013). Adult separation anxiety disorder in DSM-5. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(5), 663–674. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.03.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, B. C., Skriner, L. C., & Zandberg, L. J. (2014). Trajectory and predictors of alliance in cognitive behavioral therapy for youth anxiety. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 43(5), 721–734. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.785358.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Compton, S. N., Peris, T. S., Almirall, D., Birmaher, B., Sherrill, J., Kendall, P. C., … Albano, A. M. (2014). Predictors and moderators of treatment response in childhood anxiety disorders: Results from the CAMS trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(2), 212–224. doi:10.1037/a0035458.

  • Compton, S. N., Walkup, J. T., Albano, A. M., Piacentini, J. C., Birmaher, B., Sherrill, J. T., … March, J. S. (2010). Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study (CAMS): Rationale, design, and methods. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health, 4, 1–15. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-4-1.

  • Connolly, S. D., & Bernstein, G. A. (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(2), 267–283. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000246070.23695.06. 00004583-200702000-00019 [pii].

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, W. E., Angold, A., Shanahan, L., & Costello, E. J. (2014). Longitudinal patterns of anxiety from childhood to adulthood: The Great Smoky Mountains Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(1), 21–33. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craske, M. G., Kircanski, K., Epstein, A., Wittchen, H. U., Pine, D. S., Lewis-Fernandez, R., … Dissociative Disorder Work, G. (2010). Panic disorder: A review of DSM-IV panic disorder and proposals for DSM-V. Depression and Anxiety, 27(2), 93–112. doi:10.1002/da.20654.

  • Craske, M. G., Poulton, R., Tsao, J. C., & Plotkin, D. (2001). Paths to panic disorder/agoraphobia: An exploratory analysis from age 3 to 21 in an unselected birth cohort. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(5), 556–563. doi:10.1097/00004583-200105000-00015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiBartolo, P. M., & Helt, M. (2007). Theoretical models of affectionate versus affectionless control in anxious families: A critical examination based on observations of parent-child interactions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10(3), 253–274. doi:10.1007/s10567-007-0017-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doerfler, L. A., Connor, D. F., Volungis, A. M., & Toscano Jr., P. F. (2007). Panic disorder in clinically referred children and adolescents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 38(1), 57–71. doi:10.1007/s10578-006-0042-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrenreich, J. T., Santucci, L. C., & Weiner, C. L. (2008). Separation anxiety disorder in youth: Phenomenology, assessment, and treatment. Psicología Conductual, 16(3), 389–412.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Geller, D., Donnelly, C., Lopez, F., Rubin, R., Newcorn, J., Sutton, V., … Sumner, C. (2007). Atomoxetine treatment for pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid anxiety disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(9), 1119–1127. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3180ca8385.

  • Ginsburg, G. S., Kendall, P. C., Sakolsky, D., Compton, S. N., Piacentini, J., Albano, A. M., … March, J. (2011). Remission after acute treatment in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders: Findings from the CAMS. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(6), 806–813. doi:10.1037/a0025933.

  • Gittelman-Klein, R., & Klein, D. F. (1973). School phobia: Diagnostic considerations in the light of imipramine effects. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 156(3), 199–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorman, J. M., Kent, J. M., Sullivan, G. M., & Coplan, J. D. (2000). Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(4), 493–505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, J. G., Avenevoli, S., Finkelman, M., Gruber, M. J., Kessler, R. C., Merikangas, K. R., … Zaslavsky, A. M. (2011). Validation of the diagnoses of panic disorder and phobic disorders in the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent (NCS-A) supplement. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 20(2), 105–115. doi:10.1002/mpr.336.

  • Gregory, A. M., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Koenen, K., Eley, T. C., & Poulton, R. (2007). Juvenile mental health histories of adults with anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(2), 301–308. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.2.301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hannesdottir, D. K., & Ollendick, T. H. (2007). The role of emotion regulation in the treatment of child anxiety disorders. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10(3), 275–293. doi:10.1007/s10567-007-0024-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hella, B., & Bernstein, G. A. (2012). Panic disorder and school refusal. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21(3), 593–606. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2012.05.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, E. C., & Mattis, S. G. (2000). A developmental adaptation of panic control treatment for panic disorder in adolescence. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 7, 253–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hogendoorn, S. M., Prins, P. J., Boer, F., Vervoort, L., Wolters, L. H., Moorlag, H., … de Haan, E. (2014). Mediators of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety-disordered children and adolescents: Cognition, perceived control, and coping. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 43(3), 486–500. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.807736.

  • Hudson, J. L., Newall, C., Rapee, R. M., Lyneham, H. J., Schniering, C. C., Wuthrich, V. M., … Gar, N. S. (2014). The impact of brief parental anxiety management on child anxiety treatment outcomes: A controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 43(3), 370–380. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.807734.

  • Jones, D. J. (2014). Future directions in the design, development, and investigation of technology as a service delivery vehicle. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 43(1), 128–142. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.859082.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C., Compton, S. N., Walkup, J. T., Birmaher, B., Albano, A. M., Sherrill, J., … Piacentini, J. (2010). Clinical characteristics of anxiety disordered youth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(3), 360–365. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.01.009.

  • Killgore, W. D. S., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2005). Social anxiety predicts amygdala activation in adolescents viewing fearful faces. Neuroreport, 16(15), 1671–1675.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, D. F. (1993). False suffocation alarms, spontaneous panics, and related conditions. An integrative hypothesis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(4), 306–317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, R. G., Koplewicz, H. S., & Kanner, A. (1992). Imipramine treatment of children with separation anxiety disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(1), 21–28. doi:10.1097/00004583-199201000-00005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kodish, I., Rockhill, C., Ryan, S., & Varley, C. (2011). Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 58(1), 55–72, x. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2010.10.002

  • Kolko, D. J., & Perrin, E. (2014). The integration of behavioral health interventions in children's health care: Services, science, and suggestions. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 43(2), 216–228. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.862804.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kossowsky, J., Pfaltz, M. C., Schneider, S., Taeymans, J., Locher, C., & Gaab, J. (2013). The separation anxiety hypothesis of panic disorder revisited: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(7), 768–781. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070893.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kossowsky, J., Wilhelm, F. H., & Schneider, S. (2013). Responses to voluntary hyperventilation in children with separation anxiety disorder: Implications for the link to panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(7), 627–634. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.08.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masi, G., Toni, C., Mucci, M., Millepiedi, S., Mata, B., & Perugi, G. (2001). Paroxetine in child and adolescent outpatients with panic disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 11(2), 151–157. doi:10.1089/104454601750284054.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathyssek, C. M., Olino, T. M., Hartman, C. A., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Van Oort, F. V. (2013). Does the revised child anxiety and depression scale (RCADS) measure anxiety symptoms consistently across adolescence? The TRAILS study. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 22(1), 27–35. doi:10.1002/mpr.1380.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mathyssek, C. M., Olino, T. M., Verhulst, F. C., & van Oort, F. V. (2012). Childhood internalizing and externalizing problems predict the onset of clinical panic attacks over adolescence: The TRAILS study. PloS One, 7(12), e51564. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051564.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McNeil, C. B., & Hembree-Kigin, T. L. (2010). Parent-child interaction therapy. New York, NY: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Micco, J. A., Choate-Summers, M. L., Ehrenreich, J. T., Pincus, D. B., & Mattis, S. G. (2007). Identifying efficacious treatment components of panic control treatment for adolescents: A preliminary examination. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 29(4), 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mosholder, A. D., & Willy, M. (2006). Suicidal adverse events in pediatric randomized, controlled clinical trials of antidepressant drugs are associated with active drug treatment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 16(1-2), 25–32. doi:10.1089/cap.2006.16.25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pina, A. A., Holly, L. E., Zerr, A. A., & Rivera, D. E. (2014). A personalized and control systems engineering conceptual approach to target childhood anxiety in the contexts of cultural diversity. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 43(3), 442–453. doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.888667.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pincus, D. B., May, J. E., Whitton, S. W., Mattis, S. G., & Barlow, D. H. (2010). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder in adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39(5), 638–649. doi:925652026 [pii]. doi:10.1080/15374416.2010.501288.

  • Pine, D. S. (2002). Treating children and adolescents with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: How long is appropriate? Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 12(3), 189–203. doi:10.1089/104454602760386888.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998). The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(1), 56–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pine, D. S., Coplan, J. D., Papp, L. A., Klein, R. G., Martinez, J. M., Kovalenko, P., … Gorman, J. M. (1998). Ventilatory physiology of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(2), 123–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pine, D. S., Klein, R. G., Coplan, J. D., Papp, L. A., Hoven, C. W., Martinez, J., … Gorman, J. M. (2000). Differential carbon dioxide sensitivity in childhood anxiety disorders and nonill comparison group. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(10), 960–967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puliafico, A. C., Comer, J. S., & Albano, A. M. (2013). Coaching approach behavior and leading by modeling: Rationale, principles, and a session-by-session description of the CALM program for early childhood anxiety. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20, 517–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puliafico, A. C., Comer, J. S., & Pincus, D. B. (2012). Adapting parent-child interaction therapy to treat anxiety disorders in young children. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21(3), 607–619. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2012.05.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinblatt, S. P., & Riddle, M. A. (2007). The pharmacological management of childhood anxiety disorders: A review. Psychopharmacology, 191(1), 67–86. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0644-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renaud, J., Birmaher, B., Wassick, S. C., & Bridge, J. (1999). Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of childhood panic disorder: A pilot study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 9(2), 73–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Research Unit on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Anxiety Study Group. (2001). Fluvoxamine for the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 1279–1285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberson-Nay, R., Eaves, L. J., Hettema, J. M., Kendler, K. S., & Silberg, J. L. (2012). Childhood separation anxiety disorder and adult onset panic attacks share a common genetic diathesis. Depression and Anxiety, 29(4), 320–327. doi:10.1002/da.21931.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, K. A., & Kendall, P. C. (2014). Suicidal ideation in anxiety-disordered youth: Identifying predictors of risk. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 43(1), 51–62. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.843463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sakolsky, D. J., McCracken, J. T., & Nurmi, E. L. (2012). Genetics of pediatric anxiety disorders. In M. A. Rynn, H. B. Vidair, & J. Urbano Blackford (Eds.), Anxiety disorders (pp. 479–500). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santucci, L. C., Ehrenreich, J. T., Trosper, S. E., Bennett, S. M., & Pincus, D. B. (2009). Development and preliminary evaluation of a 1-week summer treatment program for separation anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(3), 317–331. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.12.005.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shear, K., Jin, R., Ruscio, A. M., Walters, E. E., & Kessler, R. C. (2006). Prevalence and correlates of estimated DSM-IV child and adult separation anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(6), 1074–1083.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smoller, J. W., Block, S. R., & Young, M. M. (2009). Genetics of anxiety disorders: The complex road from DSM to DNA. Depression and Anxiety, 26(11), 965–975. doi:10.1002/da.20623.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strawn, J. R., Sakolsky, D. J., & Rynn, M. A. (2012). Psychopharmacologic treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21(3), 527–539. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2012.05.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Oort, F. V., Greaves-Lord, K., Verhulst, F. C., Ormel, J., & Huizink, A. C. (2009). The developmental course of anxiety symptoms during adolescence: The TRAILS study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 50(10), 1209–1217. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02092.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walkup, J. T., Albano, A. M., Piacentini, J., Birmaher, B., Compton, S. N., Sherrill, J. T., … Kendall, P. C. (2008). Cognitive behavioral therapy, sertraline, or a combination in childhood anxiety. New England Journal of Medicine, 359, 2753–2766.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weist, M. D., Youngstrom, E. A., Stephan, S., Lever, N., Fowler, J., Taylor, L., … Hoagwood, K. (2014). Challenges and ideas from a research program on high-quality, evidence-based practice in school mental health. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 43(2), 244–255. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.833097.

  • Wittchen, H. U., Reed, V., & Kessler, R. C. (1998). The relationship of agoraphobia and panic in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(11), 1017–1024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alexandra Zagoloff .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zagoloff, A., Bernstein, G.A. (2017). Separation Anxiety and Panic Disorders in Children. In: Goldstein, S., DeVries, M. (eds) Handbook of DSM-5 Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57196-6_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics