Abstract
This chapter explores the integration of cultural heritage into the overall framework of DRM, outlines potential challenges and emphasises that, aside from enhancing heritage protection from natural hazards and climate change-related extreme events, this can promote the overall disaster resilience of the social, built and environmental systems to which cultural heritage belongs. The World Heritage Site of ‘Bam and its Cultural Landscape’, as a unique example of a traditional human settlement, is investigated through analysis of its multidimensional values associated with its contribution to post-disaster recovery, development and resilience of the city of Bam following the earthquake in 2003. In drawing upon this example, the integration and contribution of cultural heritage in the DRM framework are discussed through an interdisciplinary review of existing literature. This review demonstrates that despite the opportunities for proactive long-term economic and social coping capacity, potential challenges, primarily in respect to safeguarding heritage values within overall risk reduction policies, may also be generated.
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Notes
- 1.
Disaster risk management is ‘the systematic process of using administrative directives, organisations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster’ (UNISDR 2009).
- 2.
The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005–2015 ‘Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters’ was adopted in the UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction held on 18–22 January 2005 in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
- 3.
ICOMOS-ICORP is the International Scientific Committee on Risk Preparedness of ICOMOS.
- 4.
Disaster risk reduction is ‘The concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyse and manage the causal factors of disasters’ (UNISDR 2009).
- 5.
According to the UN’s report for the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda ‘Realizing the Future We Want for All’, the four core dimensions of sustainability include inclusive social development, environmental sustainability, inclusive economic development and peace and security; according to the report, environmental sustainability may refer to ‘protecting biodiversity’, ‘stable climate’ and ‘resilience to natural hazards’ (UN 2012).
- 6.
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 was adopted at the Third United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, held from 14 to 18 March 2015 in Sendai, Japan.
- 7.
Here, Bam refers to the fortified old settlement of Bam (Arg-e Bam) and does not mean the current city of Bam.
- 8.
For more information about the criteria of inscription of Bam and its Cultural Landscape on the WH List, please see http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1208.
- 9.
Bam and its Cultural Landscape was placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger mainly due to massive impact to the site caused by the earthquake in 2003, as well as potential development pressures associated with the post-disaster reconstruction. In 2013, it was removed from the List of World Heritage in Danger.
- 10.
UNISDR (2009) defines resilience as ‘The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions’ (UNSIDR 2009).
- 11.
HIA is ‘a process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and communicating the probable effects of a current or proposed development policy or action on the cultural life, institutions and resources of communities … with a view to mitigating adverse impacts and enhancing positive outcomes’ (Sagnia and INCD 2004, p. 6).
- 12.
Sun-dried (unfired) mud brick is called ‘Khesht’ in Iran and has been applied as a local material in the earthen architecture of the city of Bam.
- 13.
Ta’zieh has been inscribed on the Representative List of the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) of Humanity in 2010. ‘Ta‘zīye (or Ta’azyeh) is a ritual dramatic art that recounts religious events, historical and mythical stories and folk tales’ (UNESCO ICH 2010).
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Ravankhah, M., Chmutina, K., Schmidt, M., Bosher, L. (2017). Integration of Cultural Heritage into Disaster Risk Management: Challenges and Opportunities for Increased Disaster Resilience. In: Albert, MT., Bandarin, F., Pereira Roders, A. (eds) Going Beyond. Heritage Studies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57165-2_22
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