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Neurobiological Principles: Neurotransmitters

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NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy

Abstract

To integrate sensory and memory information, to control behavior, and to regulate various metabolic processes in favor of homeostasis, the central nervous system has to perform a huge amount of computations at once. This task is fulfilled by intra- and intercellular signaling cascades driven by a sophisticated network of highly connected neural cells. Most prominently, the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft is considered to be the key element core of neuronal intercellular communication. This core process of neuronal communication makes the synapse the substantial unit of neurotransmission. Consequently, neurons are thought to establish the foundation of efficient communication within their networks by strengthening and promoting the molecular structures of this functional unit. In the classic view of chemical neurotransmission, the synapse requires (1) the availability for synthesis of the respective neurotransmitter; (2) an activity-responsive, tightly regulated vesicular release machinery on the presynaptic side; (3) postsynaptic receptors, which are selectively activated upon binding by neurotransmitters and subsequently trigger intracellular signaling cascades; and (4) mechanisms to successfully terminate neurotransmission by removal of neurotransmitters from their site of action. With advanced experimental methods and interdisciplinary research approaches, our knowledge on neurotransmission is constantly growing. As a result, the once classical view on neurotransmission is changing in the light of new insights into regulation and organization of synaptic activity. The following sections first give a brief overview on elements determining neurotransmission, the axon initial segment, and presynaptic cytomatrix active zone, before focusing on simultaneous release of two chemically distinct neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter activity beyond synaptic structures (Fig. 1).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Translational Brain Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim; Heidelberg University, Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany

    Lena Hampel & Thorsten Lau

  2. German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany

    Lena Hampel & Thorsten Lau

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  1. Lena Hampel
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  2. Thorsten Lau
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Correspondence to Thorsten Lau .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept Psychiatry , Psychosomatics & Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Medical School Clinical Neurochemistry, Würzburg, Germany

    Peter Riederer

  2. Inst für Psychologische Medizin, Haag, Bayern, Germany

    Gerd Laux

  3. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Benoit Mulsant

  4. Center Translational Res Neurol Diseases, Dalian Med Uni Shanghai Inst Health Sc Center Translational Res Neurol Diseases, Dalian, China

    Weidong Le

  5. Fujita Health University School Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan

    Toshiharu Nagatsu

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  1. Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

    Peter Riederer

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Hampel, L., Lau, T. (2020). Neurobiological Principles: Neurotransmitters. In: Riederer, P., Laux, G., Mulsant, B., Le, W., Nagatsu, T. (eds) NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56015-1_365-1

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