Skip to main content

Ethics and Responsibility in Wildlife Tourism: Lessons from Compassionate Conservation in the Anthropocene

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Wildlife Tourism, Environmental Learning and Ethical Encounters

Part of the book series: Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism ((GGAG))

Abstract

Whether captive or non-captive, consumptive or non-consumptive, targeted or non-targeted, guided or non-guided, wildlife tourism activities have traditionally been dominated by an anthropocentric worldview that recognizes wildlife only for its extrinsic value. This chapter argues that the advent of the Anthropocene provides an opportunity for humans to accept responsibility for how they engage with animals in tourism settings and ethically reassess this engagement. Reviewing theories of ethics dealing with animals, tourism, the environment and conservation, the conclusion is drawn that in order to effectively manage wildlife tourism for the equitable benefit of both humans and wildlife, and thus create a viable wildlife tourism ethic, valuable lessons can be extracted from an approach that embodies compassionate conservation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • ABC (Australian Broadcasting Commission) (2016) Hunter who killed black bear with spear and left it to die overnight could face charges, 17 August 2016. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-17/outcry-over-spear-hunted-bear/7750326

  • Ballantyne R, Packer J, Falk J (2011) Visitors’ learning for environmental sustainability: testing short-and long-term impacts of wildlife tourism experiences using structural equation modeling. Tour Manage 32(6):1243–1252

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballantyne R, Packer J, Hughes K (2009) Tourists’ support for conservation message and sustainable management practices in wildlife tourism experiences. Tour Manage 30(5):658–664

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballantyne R, Packer J, Hughes K, Dierking L (2007) Conservation learning in wildlife tourism settings: lessons from research in zoos and aquariums. Environ Educ Res 13(3):367–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bekoff M (2010) First do no harm. New Scientist, August 24–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekoff M, Jamieson D (1996) Ethics and the study of carnivores: doing science while respecting animals. In: Gittleman JL (ed) Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 15–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekoff M, Nystrom J (2004) The other side of silence: Rachel Carson’s views of animals. Zygon 39(4):861–883

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bekoff M, Ramp D (2014) Cruel to be kind. New Scientist, June 26–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Bock B, Buller H (2013) Healthy, happy and humane: evidence in farm animal welfare policy. Sociologia Ruralis 53(3):390–411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruni CM, Fraser J, Schultz PW (2008) The value of zoo experience for connecting people with nature. Visitor Stud 11(2):139–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burns GL (2004) The host community and wildlife tourism. In: Higginbottom K (ed) Wildlife tourism: impacts, management and Planning. Common Ground Publishing, Altona, pp 125–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns GL (2014) Animals and anthropomorphism in the Anthropocene. In: Burns GL, Paterson M (eds) Engaging with animals: interpretations of a shared existence. Sydney University Press, Sydney, pp 3–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns GL (2015a) Ethics in tourism. In: Hall CM, Gössling S, Scott D (eds) The Routledge handbook of tourism and sustainability. Routledge, London, pp 117–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns GL (2015b) Animals as tourism objects: Ethically refocusing relationships between tourists and wildlife. In: Markwell K (ed) Animals and tourism: understanding diverse relationships. Channel View Publications, Bristol, pp 44–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns GL, Howard P (2003) When wildlife tourism goes wrong: a case study of stakeholder and management issues regarding Dingoes on Fraser Island. Aust Tourism Manage 24(6):699–712

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burns GL, Macbeth J, Moore S (2011) Should dingoes die? Principles for engaging ecocentric ethics in wildlife tourism management. J Ecotourism 10(3):179–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burns GL, Paterson M (2014) Introduction. In: Burns GL, Paterson M (eds) Engaging with animals: Interpretations of a shared existence. Sydney University Press, Sydney, pp ix–xiv

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr N, Cohen S (2011) The public face of zoos: images of entertainment, education, and conservation. Anthrozoos 24(2):175–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carrington D (2014) Earth has lost half of its wildlife in the last 40 years, says WWF. Guardian. 30 Sept 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/sep/29/earth-lost-50-wildlife-in-40-years-wwf

  • Ceballos G, Garcia A, Ehrlich P (2010) The sixth extinction crisis: loss of animal populations and species. J Cosmol 8:1821–1831

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Barnosky AD, Garcia A, Pringle RM, Palmer TM (2015) Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction. Sci Adv 1(5):1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson J, Johnston MJ, Stewart EJ, Lemieux CJ, Lemelin RH, Maher PT, Grimwood BSR (2011) Ethical considerations of last chance tourism. J Ecotourism 10(3):250–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobson J (2011) Towards a utilitarian ethic for marine wildlife tourism. Tourism Mar Environ 7(3–4):213–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dorresteijn I, Schultner J, Nimmo DG, Fischer J, Hanspach J, Kuemmerle T, Kehoe L, Ritchie EG (2015) Incorporating anthropogenic effects into trophic ecology: predator-prey interactions in a human-dominated landscape. Proc Bio Sci 282(1814):301–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Draper C, Bekoff (2013) Animal welfare and the importance of compassionate conservation—a comment on McMahon et al. 2012. Biol Conserv 158: 422–423

    Google Scholar 

  • Fennell DA (2006) Tourism ethics. Channel View Publications, Clevedon

    Google Scholar 

  • Fennell DA (2012) Tourism and animal ethics. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Fennell DA (2015a) The status of animal ethics research in tourism. In: Markwell K (ed) Animals and tourism: understanding diverse relationships. Channel View Publications, Bristol, pp 27–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Fennell DA (2015b) Tourism and the precautionary principle in theory and practice. In: Hall CM, Gössling S, Scott D (eds) The Routledge handbook of tourism and sustainability. Routledge, London, pp 67–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox CH, Bekoff M (2011) Integrating values and ethics into wildlife policy and management—Lessons from North America. Animals 1(4):126–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frost W (2011) Zoos and tourism: conservation, education, entertainment? Channel View Publications, Bristol

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulton D, Manfredo M, Lipscomb J (1996) Wildlife value orientations: a conceptual and measurement framework. Human Dimensions Wildlife 1(2):24–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamborg C, Palmer C, Sandoe P (2012) Ethics of wildlife management and conservation: what should we try to protect? Nature Edu Know 3(10):8

    Google Scholar 

  • Garner R (1993) Political animals: a survey of the animal protection movement in Britain. Parliamentary Affairs 46(3):333–352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gascon C, Brooks TM, Contreras-MacBeath T, Heard N, Konstant W, Lamoreux J, Vié JC (2015) The importance and benefits of species. Curr Biol 25(10):431–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gore ML, Nelson MP, Vucetich JA, Smith A, Clark M (2011) Exploring the ethical basis for conservation policy: the case of inbred wolves on Isle Royale, USA. Conserv Lett 4:394–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gössling S, Hall CM (eds) (2006) Tourism and global environmental change: ecological, social, economic and political interrelationships. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Granquist SM, Sigurjonsdottir H (2014) The effect of land based seal watching tourism on the haul-out behaviour of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in Iceland. Appl Animal Behav Sci 156:85–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green R, Giese M (2004) Negative effects of wildlife tourism on wildlife. In: Higginbottom K (ed) Wildlife tourism: impacts, management and planning. Common Ground Publishing, Altona, pp 81–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Gusset M, Dick G (2010) ‘Building a Future for Wildlife’? Evaluating the contribution of the world zoo and aquarium community to in situ conservation. Int Zoo Year Book 44:183–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hadidian J, Fox CH, Lynn WS (2006) The ethics of wildlife control in humanized landscapes. In: Timm RM, O’Brien JM (eds) Proceedings of the 22nd Vertebrate Pest Conference. University of California, Davis, pp 500–504

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardin G (1968) Tragedy of the commons. Science 162(3859):1243–1248

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higginbottom K (ed) (2004a) Wildlife tourism: Impacts, management and planning. Common Ground Publishing, Altona

    Google Scholar 

  • Higginbottom K (2004b) Managing impacts of wildlife tourism on wildlife. In: Higginbottom K (ed) Wildlife tourism: impacts, management and planning. Common Ground Publishing, Altona, pp 211–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Higginbottom K, Tribe A (2004) Contributions of wildlife tourism to conservation. In: Higginbottom K (ed) Wildlife tourism: impacts, management and Planning. Common Ground Publishing, Altona, pp 99–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Higham J, Hopkins D (2015) Wildlife tourism: “call it consumption”. In: Hall CM, Gössling S, Scott D (eds) The Routledge handbook of tourism and sustainability. Routledge, London, pp 280–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Higham J, Shelton EJ (2011) Tourism and wildlife habituation: reduced population fitness or cessation of impact? Tour Manag 32(6):1290–1298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holden A (2005) Achieving a sustainable relationship between common pool resources and tourism: the role of environmental ethics. J Sustain Tourism 13(4):339–352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jafari J (1990) The Basis of tourism education. J Tourism Stud 1:33–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Jafari J (2001) The Scientification of tourism. In: Smith V, Brent M (eds) Hosts and guests revisited: Tourism issues of the 21st Century. Cognizant Communications, Elmsford, pp 28–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Jóhannesson GT, Huijbens EH (2010) Tourism in times of crisis: exploring the discourse of tourism development in Iceland. Curr Issues Tourism 13:419–434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kellert SR (1985) Public perceptions of predators, particularly the Wolf and Coyote. Biol Conserv 31:167–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kellert SR (2003) Kinship to mastery: Biophilia in human evolution and development. Island Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis P-M, Burns GL, Jones D (2016) Response and responsibility: Humans as apex predators and ethical actors in a changing societal environment. Food Webs

    Google Scholar 

  • Littin KE, Mellor DJ, Warburton B, Eason CT (2004) Animal welfare and ethical issues relevant to the humane control of vertebrate pests. New Zealand Vet J 52(1):1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Littin KE, Mellor DJ (2005) Strategic animal welfare issues: Ethical and animal welfare issues arising from the killing of wildlife for disease control and environmental reasons. Rev Sci Tech (Int Off Epizootics) 24(2):767–782

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovelock B, Lovelock KM (2013) The Ethics of tourism: critical and applied perspectives. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Manfredo MJ (1989) Human dimensions of wildlife. Wildl Soc Bull 17(4):447–449

    Google Scholar 

  • Manfredo MJ (2008) Who cares about wildlife? Social science concepts for exploring human-wildlife relationships and conservation issues. Springer, Fort Collins

    Google Scholar 

  • Manfredo MJ, Teel TL, Bright AD (2003) Why are public values toward wildlife changing? Human Dimensions Wildlife 8:287–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manfredo MJ, Teel TL, Bright AD (2004) Application of the concepts of values and attitudes in human dimensions of natural resources research. In: Manfredo MJ, Vaske JJ, Field D, Brown PJ (eds) Society and Natural Resources: a summary of knowledge prepared for the 10th International Symposium on Society and Natural Resources. Jefferson, MO, Modern Litho, pp 271–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Manfredo MJ, Teel TL, Zinn HC (2009) Understanding global values toward wildlife. In: Manfredo MJ, Vaske JJ, Brown PJ, Decker DJ, Duke EA (eds) Wildlife and society: The Science of human dimensions. Island Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Marschall S, Granquist S, Burns GL (2017) Interpretation in wildlife tourism: Assessing the effectiveness of signage to modify visitor behaviour at a seal watching site in Iceland. J Outdoor Recreation Tourism 17:11–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason P (2000) Zoo tourism: the need for more research. J Sust Tourism 8:333–339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macbeth J (2006) Towards an ethics platform for tourism. Annals Tourism Res 32(4):962–984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacClellan J (2013) How (not) to defend a Rawlsian approach to intergenerational ethics. Ethics Environ 18(1):67–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minteer B (2011) Refounding environmental ethics: Pragmatism, principle, and practice. Temple University Press, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore S, Rodger K (2010) Wildlife as a common pool resource issue: enabling conditions for sustainability governance. J Sustain Tourism 18(7):831–844

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, RS, Wihermanto, Nekaris, KAI (2014) Compassionate conservation, rehabilitation and translocation of Indonesian slow lorises. Endangered Species Res 26:93–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Moscardo G, Woods B, Saltzer R (2004) The Role of interpretation in wildlife tourism. In: Higginbottom K (ed) Wildlife tourism: Impacts, management and planning. Common Ground Publishing, Altona, pp 231–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson MP, Bruskotter JT, Vucetich JA, Chapron G (2016) Emotions and the ethics of consequence in conservation decisions: Lessons from Cecil the Lion. Conserv Lett 9(4):302–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newsome D, Dowling R, Moore S (2005) Wildlife tourism. Channel View Publications, Clevedon

    Google Scholar 

  • Newsome D, Rodger K (2007) Impacts of tourism on pinnipeds and implications for tourism management. In: Higham J, Lück M (eds) Marine wildlife and tourism management: insights from the natural and social sciences. CABI, Oxfordshire, pp 182–205

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Óladóttir O (2016) Tourism in Iceland in figures—May 2016. Icelandic Tourist Board, Reykjavik

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom E, Burger J, Field CB, Norgaard RB, Policansky D (1999) Revisiting the commons: local lessons, global challenges. Science 284:278–282

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ragnarsson A (2015) Norðurland Vestra, Stöðugreining 2014 [Northwest Status Analysis 2014]. Byggðastofnun, Iceland

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramp D (2013) Bringing compassion to the ethical dilemma in killing kangaroos for conservation: comment on “Conservation through sustainable use” by Rob Irvine. J Bioethical Inquiry 10(2):267–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramp D, Bekoff M (2015) Compassion as a practical and evolved ethic for conservation. Bioscience 65:323–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Regan T (2001) Defending animal rights. University of Illinois Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Regan T (2004) The Case for animal rights: Updated with a new preface. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Shackley M (1996) Wildlife tourism. International Thomson Business Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer P (1975) Animal liberation: a new ethics for our treatment of animals. Harper Collins, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer P (ed) (2005) In defense of animals: the second wave. Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Skibins JC, Powell RB (2013) Conservation caring: measuring the influence of zoo visitors` connection to wildlife on pro-conservation behaviors. Zoo Biology 32:528–540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soulé M (1985) What is conservation biology? Bioscience 35(11):727–734

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teel TL, Manfredo M (2009) Linking society and environment: a multi-level model of shifting wildlife value orientations in the western U.S. Soc Sci Q 90(2):407–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tribe A, Booth R (2003) Assessing the role of zoos in wildlife conservation. Human Dimensions Wildlife 8(1):65–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaske JJ, Shelby LB, Manfredo MJ (2006) Bibliometric reflections on the first decade of human dimensions of wildlife. Human Dimensions Wildlife 11(2):79–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallach AD, Bekoff M, Nelson PM, Ramp D (2015) Promoting predators and compassionate conservation. Conserv Biol 29(5):1481–1484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White L (1967) The Historical roots of our ecological crisis. Science 155(3767):1203–1207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Þórisson SL (2017) Selasetur Íslands Annual Report 2016. Icelandic Seal Center, Hvammstangi

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Georgette Leah Burns .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Burns, G.L. (2017). Ethics and Responsibility in Wildlife Tourism: Lessons from Compassionate Conservation in the Anthropocene. In: Borges de Lima, I., Green, R. (eds) Wildlife Tourism, Environmental Learning and Ethical Encounters. Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55574-4_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics