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Importance of Chromium in the Diet

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  • First Online:
Handbook of Famine, Starvation, and Nutrient Deprivation

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Abstract

Chromium is a micronutrient found in several oxidation states, being trivalent chromium and hexavalent chromium the most prevalent. Although it is present in several foods in small quantities, there is still no recommended average requirement. Studies show that during the various life stages, there are different needs of ingestion of this mineral. Despite the low molecular weight, there is a small absorption capacity of chromium and its absorption occurs in the intestine by passive transport. Along with other metallic ions, its transport is related to the performance of transferrin, and there may be competition for sites that bind to iron and other minerals. Chromium is related to changes that encompass carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Therefore, some studies indicate that chromium-deficient diets may favor insulin resistance, with consequent development of type 2 diabetes. This mineral is also present in nutritional supplements featuring various structures such as chromium picolinate, chromium histidinate, chromium chloride, and chromium nicotinate. Trivalent chromium demonstrated an important role in gene expression, mainly in hepatocytes, insulin activity, and adiposity. Studies have investigated the effects of chromium supplementation on diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia, but the results are still incipient for the development of guidelines recommending supplementation in risk groups.

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Abbreviations

AI:

Adequate intake

CASQ 1:

Calsequestin 1

CIDEA:

Cell-death-induced DNA fragmentation factor

Cr3+:

Trivalent chromium

Cr6+:

Hexavalent chromium

CrCl3:

Chromium chloride

CrPic:

Chromium picolinate

CrSP:

Complex of chelated chromium with small peptides

DGAT 2:

Decylglycol transferase

EAR:

Estimated average requirement

ENO 3:

Enolase 3

Glut 4:

Glucose transporter in muscle and adipose tissue dependent on insulin

GPI 1:

Glucose phosphate isomerase1

IGF-1:

Insulin-like growth factor 1

IRS-1:

Insulin receptor substrate 1

IRS-2:

Insulin receptor substrate 2

Kg:

Kilograms

LDL-c:

Low-density cholesterol

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

NBC:

Chromium nicotinate

Ph:

Hydrogenation potential

PI3k:

Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase

RDA:

Recommended dietary allowance

TPM 1:

Tropomyosin-1

TTP:

Tocopherol transfer protein

UCP 1:

Uncoupled protein 1

UL:

Tolerable upper intake levels

VLDL:

Very low-density lipoproteins

WHO:

World Health Organization

μg:

micrograms

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nucleus of Studies and Research in Food and Nutrition (NEPAN), Faculty of Nutrition, Goias Federal University, Goiânia, GO, Brazil

    Marilia Mendonça Guimarães

  2. Laboratory of Physiology, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Goias Federal University, Goiânia, GO, Brazil

    Maria Sebastiana Silva, Ana Gabriella Pereira Alves, Beatriz Assis Carvalho & Neidiane Rosa Trindade

  3. Ceres Evangelical College, Ceres, GO, Brazil

    Menandes Alves de Souza Neto

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  1. Marilia Mendonça Guimarães
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  2. Maria Sebastiana Silva
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  3. Ana Gabriella Pereira Alves
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  4. Beatriz Assis Carvalho
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Correspondence to Marilia Mendonça Guimarães .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Research Division, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK

    Victor R. Preedy

  2. School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK

    Vinood B. Patel

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Guimarães, M.M., Silva, M.S., Alves, A.G.P., Carvalho, B.A., de Souza Neto, M.A., Trindade, N.R. (2019). Importance of Chromium in the Diet. In: Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) Handbook of Famine, Starvation, and Nutrient Deprivation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55387-0_60

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