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Biochemistry and Physiology of Vitamins in Euglena

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Euglena: Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 979))

Abstract

Euglena gracilis Z requires vitamins B1 and B12 for growth. It takes up and accumulates large amounts of these exogenous vitamins through energy-dependent active transport systems. Except for these essential vitamins, E. gracilis Z has the ability to synthesize all human vitamins. Euglena synthesizes high levels of antioxidant vitamins such as vitamins C and E, and, thus, are used as nutritional supplements for humans and domestic animals. Methods to effectively produce vitamins in Euglena have been investigated.

Previous biochemical studies indicated that E. gracilis Z contains several vitamin-related novel synthetic enzymes and metabolic pathways which suggests that it is a highly suitable organism for elucidating the physiological functions of vitamins in comparative biochemistry and biological evolution. E. gracilis Z has an unusual biosynthetic pathway for vitamin C, a hybrid of the pathways found in animals and plants. This chapter presents up-to-date information on the biochemistry and physiological functions of vitamins in this organism.

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Abbreviations

ACP:

Acyl-carrier protein

AdoB12:

Adenosylcobalamin

ALase:

Aldonolactonase

AsA:

L-ascorbic acid

B12:

Vitamin B12

cADPR:

Cyclic ADP-ribose

cAMP:

Cyclic AMP

CN-B12:

Cyanocobalamin

CoA:

co-enzyme A

DAsA:

Dehydroascorbate

D-GalUA:

D-galacturonate

D-GlcUA:

D-glucuronate

D-Man:

D-mannose

DXP:

1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate

IF:

Intrinsic factor

L-Gal:

L-galactose

L-GalA:

L-galactonate

L-GalL:

L-galactono-1,4-lactone

L-GulA:

L-gulonate

L-GulL:

L-gulono-1,4-lactone

MCM:

Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

MDAsA:

Monodehydroascorbate

MeB12:

Methylcobalamin

MetH:

Methionine synthase

MMAA:

Methylmalonic aciduria type A protein

MVA:

Mevalonate

NAADP:

Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NADK:

NAD+ kinase

OH-B12:

Hydroxocobalamin

PABA:

p-aminobenzoate

PL:

Pyridoxal

PLP:

Pyridoxal-5′-phosphate

PM:

Pyridoxamine

PMP:

Pyridoxamine-5′-phospahte

PN:

Pyridoxine

PNP:

Pyridoxine-5′-phoshate

RNR:

Ribonucleotide reductase

SHMT:

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase

TC:

Transcobalamin II

TDP:

Thiamine diphosphate

TMP:

Thiamine monophosphate

TTP:

Thiamine triphosphate

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Agriculture, School of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan

    Fumio Watanabe

  2. Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan

    Kazuya Yoshimura

  3. Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan

    Shigeru Shigeoka

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  1. Fumio Watanabe
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  2. Kazuya Yoshimura
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  3. Shigeru Shigeoka
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Correspondence to Fumio Watanabe .

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

    Steven D. Schwartzbach

  2. Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan

    Shigeru Shigeoka

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Watanabe, F., Yoshimura, K., Shigeoka, S. (2017). Biochemistry and Physiology of Vitamins in Euglena . In: Schwartzbach, S., Shigeoka, S. (eds) Euglena: Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 979. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_5

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