Abstract
The current chapter gives a general overview of Estonian legal system by its historical development, describing the most relevant periods of the ancient Estonian legal society, influences to the local law by the foreign powers and the contemporary impact and position of EU and international law to the current Estonian legal system, and its judicial system. The legal policy of implementation and interpretation of international and supranational law have been explained through the approaches derived from evolving constitutional legal traditions. Estonia is famous for its e-governance and so-called e-law, which is often presented as characteristics of Estonian legal society where the most of the public services offered and used on-line. As the law of e-Governance is not framed as one branch of law, the chapter focuses on e-identity, data protection, ICT law and other relevant legal regulation fields and issues. The last part of the chapter is dedicated to the legal regulation of state security as a part of a legal system. In recent years Estonia has promoted the enhanced international cooperation in state security and the last section provides corresponding overview of the international and EU level legal instruments and their application in Estonia.
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Notes
- 1.
Uluots (1938), p. 33.
- 2.
Ibid, pp. 83–94.
- 3.
Ibid, pp. 93–105.
- 4.
Arens (1956), p. 32.
- 5.
For details see Hoffmann (2007).
- 6.
Schmidt (1894), p. 240.
- 7.
In fact, cession was formally performed only by the Nystedt treaty of 1721.
- 8.
Luts-Sootak (2000), p. 158.
- 9.
Luts-Sootak (2000), pp. 157–167, p. 167.
- 10.
For details see Schmidt (1894), pp. 242–243.
- 11.
Luts-Sootak (2001), pp. 152–158, p. 157.
- 12.
Varul (2000), pp. 104–118.
- 13.
Kull (2008), pp. 122–129, p. 123.
- 14.
- 15.
The term “put into effect” is the most accurate at this point because the states annexed by the USSR had no choice between legal order existing so far and the USSR legal regime.
- 16.
The Presidium was a Soviet governmental institution, a permanent body of the Supreme Soviets (parliaments) governing all the presidiums of the Soviet states.
- 17.
See for instance the 19 August 1945 Postimees, publishing an amendment to the Civil Code, http://dea.digar.ee/cgi-bin/dea?a=d&d=postimeesew19450819.2.5&l=en.
- 18.
Declaration on the State Authority in Estonia, RT 1940, 733.
- 19.
Maruste (2004), p. 52.
- 20.
Sarv (1997), p. 61.
- 21.
Ibid.
- 22.
ESSR Constitution §13, 1940.
- 23.
Soviet Constitution §14(u), 1936.
- 24.
ESSR Constitution §17, 1940.
- 25.
Järvelaid (2002), Ch. 5: Reforms in Estonian legal system.
- 26.
Marek (1968), p. 396.
- 27.
Grant (2001), pp. 23–110.
- 28.
Statement by the Acting Secretary of State, the Honorable Sumner Welles. 23 July 1940. No. 354. See the copy: http://photos.state.gov/libraries/lithuania/331079/balciunasa/sumner-welles_1_500.jpg.
- 29.
Meri (2001) the former President of the Republic of Estonia.
- 30.
Declaration on the Sovereignty of the Estonian SSR.
- 31.
Walker (2003), p. 63.
- 32.
Mälksoo (2005a), p. 70.
- 33.
Restitutio ad integrum also resulted in the fact that the Republic of Estonia was not seen as a successor state of the Soviet Union and hence does not carry responsibility for rights and obligations of the USSR. See Salulaid (2001).
- 34.
About Estonian national sovereignty (Eesti riiklikust iseseisvusest). Decision of the Supreme Council on 20 August 1991. RT 1991, 25, 312.
- 35.
Hallaste (1996), p. 438.
- 36.
Varul (2000), p. 104.
- 37.
Ibid.
- 38.
Kull (2008), p. 126.
- 39.
RT 1992, 26, 349.
- 40.
RT 1992, 26, 350.
- 41.
Kull (2008), p. 126.
- 42.
ESSR Civil Code. RT 1964, 25, 115.
- 43.
Käerdi (2001).
- 44.
Kull (2008), p. 126.
- 45.
Järvelaid (2002), Ch 5: Reforms in Estonian legal systems.
- 46.
Varul (2000), pp. 104–118.
- 47.
Law of Obligations Act. RT I 2001, 81, 487.
- 48.
Kull (2008), p. 126.
- 49.
Ibid.
- 50.
Luts (2003), pp. 261–270.
- 51.
A document declaring the sovereignty of Estonia.
- 52.
See newspaper “Tallinna Teataja”, no. 71, 23 Nov 1918, http://dea.digar.ee/cgi-bin/dea?a=d&d=tallinnateataja19181123.2.3.
- 53.
ENSV Teataja 1940 no 38.
- 54.
More specifically see http://www.nc.ee/?id=181.
- 55.
History of Estonian Court system http://www.nc.ee/?id=181.
- 56.
RT 1991, 38, 472.
- 57.
RT 1991, 38, 473.
- 58.
On 28 June 1992 the Const was adopted.
- 59.
RT I 2002, 64, 390.
- 60.
The aim of establishing the Council was to involve the judges of all court instances in making the decisions concerning the whole judicial system, as up to then it was only the Ministry of Justice who had governed the first and second court instances.
- 61.
Ginter (2010), p. 111.
- 62.
Courts Act §9. RT I 2002, 64, 390.
- 63.
Courts Act §18. RT I 2002, 64, 390.
- 64.
There are two circuit courts in Estonia, in Tallinn and in Tartu. Courts Act §22. RT I 2002, 64, 390.
- 65.
§148.
- 66.
Created for the adjudication of a certain specific case only.
- 67.
Courts Act §25. RT I 2002, 64, 390.
- 68.
Courts Act §26. RT I 2002, 64, 390.
- 69.
Code of Civil Procedure §18, 19 etc. RT I 2005, 26, 197; Criminal Procedure Code §20, Ch. 12 etc. RT I 2003, 27, 166; Code of Administrative Court Procedure §11, Ch. 20 etc. RT I, 23.02.2011, 3.
- 70.
Code of Civil Procedure §679; Criminal Procedure Code §349; Code of Administrative Court Procedure §219.
- 71.
Courts Act §29. RT I 2002, 64, 39.
- 72.
Const §152.
- 73.
Const §§15–25.
- 74.
The Minister of Justice determines the territorial jurisdiction and location of courts of first instance and courts of appeal, as well as the total number of judges to be appointed to office at each of the above-mentioned courts, also appoints the chairmen of county and circuit courts with the approval of the Council for Administration of Courts.
- 75.
The Council for Administration of Courts is comprised of the Chief Justice of the SC, five judges elected by the Court en banc for 3 years, two members of the Riigikogu, a sworn advocate appointed by the Board of the Bar Association, the Chief Public Prosecutor or a public prosecutor appointed by him or her, the Legal Chancellor or a representative appointed by him or her, the Minister of Justice or a representative appointed by him or her shall participate in the Council with the right to speak.
- 76.
X-road is a secure data exchange infrastructure established and supported by the Republic of Estonia.
- 77.
See Development plan of the Ministry of Justice for the years 2015–2018, file:///C:/Users/Kristi/Downloads/justiitsministeeriumi_arengukava_aastateks_2015-2018.pdf.
- 78.
Ginsburg et al. (2008), p. 204.
- 79.
Const §3(1). RT 1992, 26, 349.
- 80.
Const §3. Commentaries 2008.
- 81.
-
1.
international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states;
-
2.
international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law;
-
3.
the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations;
-
4.
judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.
-
1.
- 82.
SC III-4/A-10/94.
- 83.
SC III-4/A-5/94.
- 84.
Baxter (1980), p. 549.
- 85.
Mälksoo (2005b), p. 147.
- 86.
Const §123(1). RT 1992, 26, 349.
- 87.
Const §123. Commentaries 2008.
- 88.
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 23.05.1969, 8 International Legal Materials 679.
- 89.
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Art. 46, 23.05.1969, 8 International Legal Materials 679.
- 90.
Const § 121(1). RT 1992, 26, 349.
- 91.
Liivoja (2006), p. 44.
- 92.
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Art. 2(b), 23.05.1969, 8 International Legal Materials 679.
- 93.
Aust (2000), p. 81.
- 94.
Ibid, p. 146.
- 95.
Advisory Opinion on Jurisdiction of the Courts of Danzig, 1928, PCIJ, set. B, No. 15 (Judgment of 3th March), para. 17–18.
- 96.
Hyland (1994), p. 406.
- 97.
Art. 26, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 23.05.1968, 8 International Legal Materials 679.
- 98.
Kunz (1945), p. 197.
- 99.
Lukashuk (1989), p. 513.
- 100.
Const §15. RT 1992, 26, 349.
- 101.
SC 3-1-3-13-03.
- 102.
Azoulai (2013), p. 110.
- 103.
SC 3-4-1-1-96.
- 104.
Const §1. RT 1992,26, 349.
- 105.
Habermas (2001), p. 766.
- 106.
Chalmers et al. (2010), pp. 188–197.
- 107.
§1 of the Const provides: “Estonia is an independent and sovereign democratic republic wherein the supreme power of state is vested in the people. The independence and sovereignty of Estonia are timeless and inalienable.”
- 108.
- 109.
SC 3-4-1-3-06, pp. 15–16.
- 110.
Ibid.
- 111.
For reasoning of the course, see for example SC 3-3-1-79-08.
- 112.
SC 3-4-1-6-12.
- 113.
SC 3-4-1-3-06.
- 114.
See dissenting opinion of justice Kõve to SC 3-4-1-3-06.
- 115.
SC 3-4-1-6-12, p. 222.
- 116.
SC 3-4-1-3-06, p. 16.
- 117.
SC 3-3-1-84-12, p. 20; SC 3-3-1-36-10.
- 118.
SC 3-4-1-3-06, p. 16.
- 119.
See for example judgement of the Tallinn Administrative Court 3-2562/2004 of 28 December 2005, p. 9. For the detailed overview and analysis of the jurisprudence of national courts, including courts of first and second level see Evas (2012).
- 120.
SC 3-3-1-77-14.
- 121.
SC 3-3-1-36-10; see also for example judgement of the Tallinn Administrative Court 3-11-2682/2013, p. 25.
- 122.
See Tallinn Circuit Court 2-13-54612, p. 35 and reasoning of the parties.
- 123.
- 124.
Nyman-Metcalf (2014b), pp. 33–34.
- 125.
“Noting that e-governance is about democratic governance and not about purely technical issues, and convinced therefore that the full potential of e-governance will be harnessed only if ICTs are introduced alongside changes in the structures, processes and ways that the work of public authorities is organised”, Preamble, Council of Europe Recommendation Rec(2004)15 adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on 15 December 2004 and explanatory memorandum, www.coe.int.
- 126.
Schneiberg and Bartley (2008).
- 127.
Brownsword and Goodwin (2012), pp. 19–21.
- 128.
Digital Signature Act. RT I 2000, 28, 150.
- 129.
RT I 2000, 92, 597.
- 130.
RT I 2008, 18, 129.
- 131.
Regulation 252:2007, RT I, 71, 440, established based on §439 (1) 4) of the Public Information Act. See also the Regulation 251:2007 on the Address Data System—an essential Regulation to ensure uniform use of address information.
- 132.
The term “e-voting” is used also for various kinds of machine voting, etc.
- 133.
- 134.
Madise and Vinkel (2014).
- 135.
There are other examples of local elections or special elections for different organs.
- 136.
SC 3-4-1-13-05, Petition of the President of the Republic in 2005. http://www.nc.ee/?id=823.
- 137.
Ibid.
- 138.
SC 3-4-1-16-11, case brought by Tallinn City Council in 2011.
- 139.
Regulation 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/CE.
- 140.
Wang (2006), p. 254.
- 141.
Malkawi (2007), p. 163.
- 142.
This aspect has been recognised by courts as a reason for not accepting electronic means of signing. See Wang (2006), p. 259 referring to German court cases.
- 143.
Regulation on the security measures of information systems, RT I, 2007, 71, 440.
- 144.
Regulation 252: 2009 on the system of information systems security measures; Ministry of Defence regulations 34:2008 on computer system security requirements and 6:2009 on processing and protection of encryption materials; Ministry of Economics and Communication regulation 93: 2009 on the installation and use of technical means and processing of data; Ministry of Interior regulation 13:2013 on registration and processing of data collected by the information office for money laundering; Ministry of Justice regulation 10: 2013 with the basic charter and composition of the Data Inspection Authority (amending the initial, 2007, regulation).
- 145.
The EU is in the process of reforming its existing data protection provisions (found in Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data), with a view to making the rules more suitable for modern ICTs as well as to avoid the rather significant differences in interpretation and application that have occurred between EU Member States (which is one reason a Regulation is proposed instead of a Directive). The text of a Regulation has been made and is in the process of adoption, estimated to be able to enter into force in 2018. See http://ec.europa.eu/justice/newsroom/data-protection/news/120125_en.htm.
- 146.
RT 2007, 24, 127.
- 147.
This right includes the right to access and rectify data about oneself and the need for control by an independent authority.
- 148.
Charter includes also an Art. on protection of privacy, Art. 7.
- 149.
Nyman-Metcalf (2014a), pp. 28–30.
- 150.
- 151.
RT I 2004, 87, 593.
- 152.
- 153.
ECJ C-320/91 Corbeau and ECJ C-280/00 Altmark.
- 154.
The Petersberg Tasks were integral part of the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP), which were explicitly included in the TEU (Art. 17) and covered humanitarian and rescue tasks, peace-keeping, tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peace-making approach. The Tasks were set out in the Petersberg Declaration adopted at the Ministerial Council of the Western European Union (WEU) in June 1992 by which the WEU member states declared their readiness to make available for the WEU—but also for NATO and the EU—military units from the whole spectrum of their armed forces. To this purpose, The Civilian Headline Goal (CHG 2008, 15863/04), set by the Council of the European Union on 7 December 2004, confirmed the EU’s ambitions to be active, capable, flexible and effective in Civil Crisis Management (CCM) cooperation.
- 155.
- 156.
- 157.
The ‘Estonian Long Term Defence Development Plan 2009–2018’ programming (2009: 6) resulted in three main categories of capability priorities to develop—(1) Capabilities that are necessary for national defence, but are too expensive and can be achieved only in cooperation with NATO and Allies (for example, fighter aircraft and attack helicopters, Strategic Airlift Capability—SAC); (2) Capabilities that are necessary for national defence, but are unreachable within the next decade (for example, multiple launch rocket systems with a range of up to 70 km and surface-to-surface missile systems for destroying surface naval targets); (3) Capabilities that are necessary for national defence and the development of which can be launched within the next decade (those form the basis of the Plan 2018).
- 158.
Based on several materials published on official websites of the Estonian Ministry of Defence (MoD) and Estonian Defence Forces (EDF) in 12/2016.
- 159.
Const §78.
- 160.
See also National Defence Act, RT I, 12.03.2015 and National Defence Forces Act. RT I, 10.07.2012, 1.
- 161.
The ‘comprehensive approach’ means in general that all actors involved to state defence need to contribute in a well-coordinated manner, based on a shared competences of responsibilities, taking into account their respective functions, tasks, resources, strengths and legal mandates in respect with their decision-making autonomy.
- 162.
Based on several materials published on official websites of the Estonian Ministry of Defence (MoD) and Estonian Defence Forces (EDF) in 12/2016.
- 163.
RT I 2009, 39, 262.
- 164.
See also Police and Border Guard Act. RT I 2009, 26, 159; State Border Act. RT I 1994, 54, 902.
- 165.
See Anti-corruption Act. RT I, 29.06.2012, 1; International Sanctions Act. RT I 2010, 26, 129; Anti-money laundering and Terrorism Financing Act. RT I 2008, 3, 21; Customs Act. RT I 2004, 28, 188; Law Enforcement Act. RT I 2005, 27, 198; Strategic Goods Act. RT I, 22.12.2011, 2.
- 166.
Two Estonian citizens were killed during the Nice’s terrorist attack on 14 July 2016.
- 167.
RT I 2001, 7, 17.
- 168.
About the recent developments of defence-related cyber security domain, find also some strategic documents collected by NATO Cooperative Cyber Defense Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE, 2016) as an accredited research, development and training institution in Estonia.
- 169.
There are 45 services considered to be vital in Estonia, ensured by a total of 167 providers, including 131 public and private limited companies, 19 foundations, 16 state agencies and one municipal institution according the Ministry of the Interior. The Emergency Act regulates the services and lists the vital ones along with those responsible for their provision as from 2009.
- 170.
Based on several crises management materials published on official website of the Estonian Ministry of the Interior in 12/2016.
- 171.
The EU and NATO’s first practical cooperation under the ‘Berlin Plus’ was the operation CONCORDIA from March–December 2003 in Macedonia.
- 172.
- 173.
See the governmental framework document ‘Estonia’s European Union Policy 2015–2019’, which sets Estonia’s EU policy priorities. The national interests in the document are expressed by 69 operational aims, the implementation of which serves also as a preparation for the Estonian Presidency of the Council of the EU. Approved by the Estonian Government on 10 December 2015.
- 174.
The Directive (EU) 2016/681 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the use of Passenger Name Record (PNR) data for the prevention, detection, investigation and prosecution of terrorist offences and serious crime. Under the directive, air carriers are obliged to provide the PNR data for flights entering or departing from the EU. It also allows member states to collect the PNR data of selected intra-EU flights. Each member state is required to set up a Passenger Information Unit, managing the PNR data collected under the directive.
- 175.
Based on several EU policy materials published on official website of the Estonian Ministry of the Interior in 12/2016.
- 176.
Nuclear, Biological and Chemical weapons.
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Evas, T. et al. (2017). General Frameworks. In: Kerikmäe, T., Joamets, K., Pleps, J., Rodiņa, A., Berkmanas, T., Gruodytė, E. (eds) The Law of the Baltic States. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54478-6_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54478-6_1
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Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-54477-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-54478-6
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)