Abstract
This chapter is on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the specific effects of the virus on children. The field of HIV is a rapidly changing one as new research reveals new information in many aspects including the pathogenesis, prevention and in the field of antiretroviral therapy. This chapter strives to provide the latest updates.
The first part deals with the epidemiology, the structure and life cycle of the virus, the immunopathogenesis, modes of transmission and prevention thereof, and making the diagnosis of HIV in children. This is followed by the natural history of HIV infection, classification of HIV infection and immune status, and the clinical manifestations of the disease. The next section covers general management and antiretroviral therapy of the HIV-infected child and adolescent. The final section covers prevention including prevention of mother to child transmission and vaccines.
In the field of paediatric antiretroviral therapy (ART), there are continually changing guidelines, as new formulations and new drugs and new fixed-dose combinations become available. It is recommended that readers refer to the WHO and national guidelines for the latest guidelines.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
UNAIDS. 4th Annual Report of the Global Plan. 2015 Progress Report on the Global Plan. http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2015/JC2774_2015ProgressReport_GlobalPlan. Accessed on 21 Sept 2016.
UNAIDS. Global AIDS Response Progress Reporting (GARPR). Global AIDS update, 2016. http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/global-AIDS-update-2016_en.pdf. Accessed 21 Sept 2016.
World Health Organisation. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations. 2016 update. http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/hivaids/9789241597524/en/. Accessed 21 Sept 2016.
World Health Organisation. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/arv/arv-2016/en/. Accessed 21 Sept 2016.
World Health Organisation. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection—recommendations for a Public Health Approach. 2nd ed. 2016. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/arv/arv-2016/en/. Accessed 23 Sept 2016.
World Health Organisation. Elimination of mother-to-child transmission (EMTCT) of HIV and syphilis. June 2016. http://www.wpro.who.int/regional_director/regional_directors_report/2016/media/2016_01_dcd_05_hsi.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 29 Sept 2016.
World Health Organisation. Guidelines for an integrated approach to nutritional care of HIV-infected children (6 month-14 years). http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/hivaids/9789241597524/en/. Accessed 21 Sept 2016.
World Health Organisation. Pediatric advocacy. Toolkit: for improved pediatric HIV diagnosis, care and treatment in high HIV prevalence countries and regions. December 2011. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/pediatric_toolkit2011/en/. Accessed 21 Sept 2016.
Goulder P, Lewin S, Leitman E. Paediatric HIV infection: the potential for cure. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16(4)259–71.
Stein J, Storcksdieck Genannt Bonsmann M, Streeck H. Barriers to HIV cure. HLA. 2016;88(4)155–63.
Violari A, Cotton M, Gibb D, Babiker A, Steyn J, Madhi S, et al. Early antiretroviral therapy and mortality among HIV-infected infants. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(21)2233–44.
The Insite START Study Group. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection. New Engl J Med. 2015;373(9)795–807.
B-Lajoie M, Drouin O, Bartlett G, Nguyen Q, Low A, Gavriilidis G, et al. Incidence and prevalence of opportunistic and other infections and the impact of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected children in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(12)1586–94.
World Health Organisation. Management of severe malnutrition: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers. 1999. Available at. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/41999/1/a57361.pdf Accessed on 03 March 2017.
Bamford A, Turkova A, Lyall H, Foster C, Klein N, Bastiaans D. Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) guidelines for treatment of paediatric HIV-1 infection 2015: optimizing health in preparation for adult life. HIV Med; 2015.
De Ruiter A, Taylor GP, Clayden P, Dhar J, Gandhi K, Gilleece Y, et al. British HIV Association guidelines for the management of HIV infection in pregnant women 2012 (2014 interim review)HIV Med. 2014;15:1–77.
Department of Health, RSA. HIV guidelines. National consolidated guidelines for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) and the management of HIV in children, adolescents and adults. 24 December 2014. http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/family/HIV-Guidelines-Jan2015.pdf. Accessed 21 Sept 2016.
Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in pediatric HIV infection. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/2/pediatric-arv-guidelines/0. Accessed 23 Sept 2016.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). 90-90-90 an ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic. October 2014. http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/90-90-90_en_0.pdf. Accessed 29 Sept 2016.
Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in pediatric HIV infection. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/pediatricguidelines.pdf. Accessed 22 Sept 2016.
Panel on Treatment of HIV-Infected Pregnant Women and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission. Recommendations for use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-1-infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/PerinatalGL.pdf. Accessed 22 Sept 2016.
Steering Committee PENTA, Welch S, Sharland M, Lyall EG, Tudor-Williams G, Niehues T, Wintergerst U, Bunupuradah T, et al. PENTA 2009 guidelines for the use of antiretroviral therapy in paediatric HIV-1 infection. HIV Med. 2009;10(10)591–613.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bobat, R., Archary, M. (2017). HIV Infection. In: Green, R. (eds) Viral Infections in Children, Volume I. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54033-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54033-7_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-54032-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-54033-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)