Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Tricks of the Trade: Treating Your Patient with Moderate-to-Severe IBD

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Part of the book series: Clinical Gastroenterology ((CG))

  • 1682 Accesses

Abstract

Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) comprise a heterogeneous group of diseases. There is a broad spectrum of presentations, and no “one-size-fits-all” management strategy exists. In the era of precision medicine, we attempt to tailor therapy to individual patient needs. In this chapter, we describe the “tricks of the trade,” in other words, the methods, techniques, and practices that will afford patients the better outcome and thus improve their quality of life.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Reinisch W, Mantzaris GJ, Kornbluth A, Rachmilewitz D, et al. Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(15):1383–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Best WR, Bechtel JM, Singleton JW, Kern Jr F. Development of a Crohn’s disease activity index. National Cooperative Crohn’s Disease Study. Gastroenterology. 1976;70(3):439–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Cellier C, Mahmoud T, Froue E, Adénies A, Be laiche J, Bretagne JF, et al. Correlations between clinical activity, endoscopic severity, and biological parameters in colonic or ileocolonic Crohn’s disease. A prospective multicentre study of 121 cases. The Groupe d’Etudes Therapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives. Gut. 1994;35(2):231–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Hanauer SB, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR, Mayer LF, Schreiber S, Colombel JF, et al. Maintenance infliximab for Crohn’s disease: the ACCENT I randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9317):1541–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Harvey RF, Bradshaw JM. A simple index of Crohn’s-disease activity. Lancet. 1980;1(8167):514.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Stjernman H, Tysk C, Almer S, Strom M, Hjortswang H. Factors predicting the outcome of disease activity assessment in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15(12):1859–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. af Bjorkesten CG, Nieminen U, Turunen U, Arkkila P, Sipponen T, Farkkila M. Surrogate markers and clinical indices, alone or combined, as indicators for endoscopic remission in anti-TNF-treated luminal Crohn’s disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012;47(5):528–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Mary JY, Modigliani R. Development and validation of an endoscopic index of the severity for Crohn's disease: a prospective multicentre study. Groupe d’Etudes Therapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires du Tube Digestif (GETAID). Gut. 1989;30(7):983–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Daperno M, D’Haens G, Van Assche G, Baert F, Bulois P, Maunoury V, et al. Development and validation of a new, simplified endoscopic activity score for Crohn’s disease: the SES-CD. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;60(4):505–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Sipponen T, Nuutinen H, Turunen U, Farkkila M. Endoscopic evaluation of Crohn’s disease activity: comparison of the CDEIS and the SES-CD. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010;16(12):2131–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Rutgeerts P, Geboes K, Vantrappen G, Beyls J, Kerremans R, Hiele M. Predictability of the postoperative course of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 1990;99(4):956–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone and corticotrophin in ulcerative colitis. Br Med J. 1959;1(5119):387–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Schroeder KW, Tremaine WJ, Ilstrup DM. Coated oral 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. A randomized study. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(26):1625–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Daperno M, Comberlato M, Bossa F, Biancone L, Bonanomi AG, Cassinotti A, et al. Inter-observer agreement in endoscopic scoring systems: preliminary report of an ongoing study from the Italian Group for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IG-IBD). Dig Liver Dis. 2014;46(11):969–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Travis SP, Schnell D, Krzeski P, Abreu MT, Altman DG, Colombel JF, et al. Developing an instrument to assess the endoscopic severity of ulcerative colitis: the Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS). Gut. 2012;61(4):535–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, D’Haens G, Pola S, McDonald JW, Rutgeerts P, et al. The role of centralized reading of endoscopy in a randomized controlled trial of mesalamine for ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(1):149–57. e2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lobaton T, Bessissow T, De Hertogh G, Lemmens B, Maedler C, Van Assche G, et al. The Modified Mayo Endoscopic Score (MMES): a new index for the assessment of extension and severity of endoscopic activity in ulcerative colitis patients. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9(10):846–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Allaart CF, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Breedveld FC, Dijkmans BA, FARR study group. Aiming at low disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with initial combination therapy or initial monotherapy strategies: the BeSt study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006;24(6 Suppl 43):S-77-82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Reinisch W, Colombel JF, Mantzaris GJ, Kornbluth A, Diamond R, et al. Clinical disease activity, C-reactive protein normalisation and mucosal healing in Crohn’s disease in the SONIC trial. Gut. 2014;63(1):88–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Froslie KF, Jahnsen J, Moum BA, Vatn MH, Group I. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: results from a Norwegian population-based cohort. Gastroenterology. 2007;133(2):412–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Schnitzler F, Fidder H, Ferrante M, Noman M, Arijs I, Van Assche G, et al. Mucosal healing predicts long-term outcome of maintenance therapy with infliximab in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15(9):1295–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Baert F, Moortgat L, Van Assche G, Caenepeel P, Vergauwe P, De Vos M, et al. Mucosal healing predicts sustained clinical remission in patients with early-stage Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(2):463–8. quiz e10-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. D’Haens G, Baert F, van Assche G, Caenepeel P, Vergauwe P, Tuynman H, et al. Early combined immunosuppression or conventional management in patients with newly diagnosed Crohn’s disease: an open randomised trial. Lancet. 2008;371(9613):660–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ferrante M, Vermeire S, Fidder H, Schnitzler F, Noman M, Van Assche G, et al. Long-term outcome after infliximab for refractory ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2008;2(3):219–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Colombel JF, Rutgeerts P, Reinisch W, Esser D, Wang Y, Lang Y, et al. Early mucosal healing with infliximab is associated with improved long-term clinical outcomes in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(4):1194–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Korelitz BI, Sultan K, Kothari M, Arapos L, Schneider J, Panagopoulos G. Histological healing favors lower risk of colon carcinoma in extensive ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(17):4980–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Roseth AG, Fagerhol MK, Aadland E, Schjonsby H. Assessment of the neutrophil dominating protein calprotectin in feces. A methodologic study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1992;27(9):793–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Roseth AG, Aadland E, Jahnsen J, Raknerud N. Assessment of disease activity in ulcerative colitis by faecal calprotectin, a novel granulocyte marker protein. Digestion. 1997;58(2):176–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. D’Haens G, Ferrante M, Vermeire S, Baert F, Noman M, Moortgat L, et al. Fecal calprotectin is a surrogate marker for endoscopic lesions in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18(12):2218–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Sandborn WJ, Panes J, Zhang H, Yu D, Niezychowski W, Su C. Correlation between concentrations of fecal calprotectin and outcomes of patients with ulcerative colitis in a phase 2 trial. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(1):96–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Theede K, Holck S, Ibsen P, Ladelund S, Nordgaard-Lassen I, Nielsen AM. Level of fecal calprotectin correlates with endoscopic and histologic inflammation and identifies patients with mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(11):1929–36. e1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Guidi L, Marzo M, Andrisani G, Felice C, Pugliese D, Mocci G, et al. Faecal calprotectin assay after induction with anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha agents in inflammatory bowel disease: prediction of clinical response and mucosal healing at one year. Dig Liver Dis. 2014;46(11):974–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Guardiola J, Lobaton T, Rodriguez-Alonso L, Ruiz-Cerulla A, Arajol C, Loayza C, et al. Fecal level of calprotectin identifies histologic inflammation in patients with ulcerative colitis in clinical and endoscopic remission. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(11):1865–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Yamamoto T, Shimoyama T, Bamba T, Matsumoto K. Consecutive monitoring of fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin for the early diagnosis and prediction of pouchitis after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110(6):881–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. De Vos M, Louis EJ, Jahnsen J, Vandervoort JG, Noman M, Dewit O, et al. Consecutive fecal calprotectin measurements to predict relapse in patients with ulcerative colitis receiving infliximab maintenance therapy. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(10):2111–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Falvey JD, Hoskin T, Meijer B, Ashcroft A, Walmsley R, Day AS, et al. Disease activity assessment in IBD: clinical indices and biomarkers fail to predict endoscopic remission. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21(4):824–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Wright EK, Kamm MA, De Cruz P, Hamilton AL, Ritchie KJ, Krejany EO, et al. Measurement of fecal calprotectin improves monitoring and detection of recurrence of Crohn’s disease after surgery. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(5):938–47. e1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Yoon JY, Park SJ, Hong SP, Kim TI, Kim WH, Cheon JH. Correlations of C-reactive protein levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rates with endoscopic activity indices in patients with ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2014;59(4):829–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Sulz MC, Siebert U, Arvandi M, Gothe RM, Wurm J, von Kanel R, et al. Predictors for hospitalization and outpatient visits in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: results from the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;25(7):790–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Click B, Vargas EJ, Anderson AM, Proksell S, Koutroubakis IE, Ramos Rivers C, et al. Silent Crohn’s disease: asymptomatic patients with elevated C-reactive protein are at risk for subsequent hospitalization. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21(10):2254–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Kiss LS, Papp M, Lovasz BD, Vegh Z, Golovics PA, Janka E, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein for identification of disease phenotype, active disease, and clinical relapses in Crohn’s disease: a marker for patient classification? Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18(9):1647–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kiss LS, Szamosi T, Molnar T, Miheller P, Lakatos L, Vincze A, et al. Early clinical remission and normalisation of CRP are the strongest predictors of efficacy, mucosal healing and dose escalation during the first year of adalimumab therapy in Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(8):911–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Jurgens M, Mahachie John JM, Cleynen I, Schnitzler F, Fidder H, van Moerkercke W, et al. Levels of C-reactive protein are associated with response to infliximab therapy in patients with Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(5):421–7. e1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Bouguen G, Levesque BG, Pola S, Evans E, Sandborn WJ. Feasibility of endoscopic assessment and treating to target to achieve mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20(2):231–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Bouguen G, Levesque BG, Pola S, Evans E, Sandborn WJ. Endoscopic assessment and treating to target increase the likelihood of mucosal healing in patients with Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(6):978–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Prabhakar N, Kalra N, Bhasin DK, Rana SS, Gupta V, Singh R, et al. Comparison of CT colonography with conventional colonoscopy in patients with ulcerative colitis. Acad Radiol. 2015;22(3):296–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Timmer A, McDonald JW, Tsoulis DJ, Macdonald JK. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD000478.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Chande N, Tsoulis DJ, MacDonald JK. Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;4:CD000545.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Rutgeerts P, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Reinisch W, Olson A, Johanns J, et al. Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(23):2462–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Enns R, Hanauer SB, Panaccione R, et al. Adalimumab for maintenance of clinical response and remission in patients with Crohn’s disease: the CHARM trial. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(1):52–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Sandborn WJ, van Assche G, Reinisch W, Colombel JF, D’Haens G, Wolf DC, et al. Adalimumab induces and maintains clinical remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(2):257-65 e1-3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Sandborn WJ, Abreu MT, D'Haens G, Colombel JF, Vermeire S, Mitchev K, et al. Certolizumab pegol in patients with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease and secondary failure to infliximab. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8(8):688–95. e2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C, Zhang H, Strauss R, Johanns J, et al. Subcutaneous golimumab induces clinical response and remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(1):85–95. quiz e14-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C, Zhang H, Strauss R, Johanns J, et al. Subcutaneous golimumab maintains clinical response in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(1):96-109 e1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. van Schaik T, Maljaars JP, Roopram RK, Verwey MH, Ipenburg N, Hardwick JC, et al. Influence of combination therapy with immune modulators on anti-TNF trough levels and antibodies in patients with IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20(12):2292–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Baert F, Noman M, Vermeire S, Van Assche G, D’Haens G, Carbonez A, et al. Influence of immunogenicity on the long-term efficacy of infliximab in Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(7):601–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Nanda KS, Cheifetz AS, Moss AC. Impact of antibodies to infliximab on clinical outcomes and serum infliximab levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(1):40–7. quiz 8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Karmiris K, Paintaud G, Noman M, Magdelaine-Beuzelin C, Ferrante M, Degenne D, et al. Influence of trough serum levels and immunogenicity on long-term outcome of adalimumab therapy in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(5):1628–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Radstake TR, Svenson M, Eijsbouts AM, van den Hoogen FH, Enevold C, van Riel PL, et al. Formation of antibodies against infliximab and adalimumab strongly correlates with functional drug levels and clinical responses in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(11):1739–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Roblin X, Marotte H, Rinaudo M, Del Tedesco E, Moreau A, Phelip JM, et al. Association between pharmacokinetics of adalimumab and mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(1):80–4. e2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Maser EA, Villela R, Silverberg MS, Greenberg GR. Association of trough serum infliximab to clinical outcome after scheduled maintenance treatment for Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(10):1248–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Cornillie F, Hanauer SB, Diamond RH, Wang J, Tang KL, Xu Z, et al. Postinduction serum infliximab trough level and decrease of C-reactive protein level are associated with durable sustained response to infliximab: a retrospective analysis of the ACCENT I trial. Gut. 2014;63(11):1721–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Reinisch W, Feagan BG, Rutgeerts PJ, Adedokun OJ, Cornillie FJ, Diamond R, Marano CW, Sandborn WJ. 566 infliximab concentration and clinical outcome in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(5):S-114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Mazor Y, Almog R, Kopylov U, Ben Hur D, Blatt A, Dahan A, et al. Adalimumab drug and antibody levels as predictors of clinical and laboratory response in patients with Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40(6):620–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ungar B, Levy I, Yavne Y, Yavzori M, Picard O, Fudim E, et al. Optimizing anti-TNF-alpha therapy: serum levels of infliximab and adalimumab are associated with mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(4):550–7. e2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Gisbert JP, Panes J. Loss of response and requirement of infliximab dose intensification in Crohn’s disease: a review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(3):760–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Farrell RJ, Alsahli M, Jeen YT, Falchuk KR, Peppercorn MA, Michetti P. Intravenous hydrocortisone premedication reduces antibodies to infliximab in Crohn’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2003;124(4):917–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Vermeire S, Noman M, Van Assche G, Baert F, D'Haens G, Rutgeerts P. Effectiveness of concomitant immunosuppressive therapy in suppressing the formation of antibodies to infliximab in Crohn’s disease. Gut. 2007;56(9):1226–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Hanauer SB, Wagner CL, Bala M, Mayer L, Travers S, Diamond RH, et al. Incidence and importance of antibody responses to infliximab after maintenance or episodic treatment in Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2(7):542–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Khanna R, Sattin BD, Afif W, Benchimol EI, Bernard EJ, Bitton A, et al. Review article: a clinician’s guide for therapeutic drug monitoring of infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;38(5):447–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Ben-Horin S, Waterman M, Kopylov U, Yavzori M, Picard O, Fudim E, et al. Addition of an immunomodulator to infliximab therapy eliminates antidrug antibodies in serum and restores clinical response of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(4):444–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Afif W, Loftus Jr EV, Faubion WA, Kane SV, Bruining DH, Hanson KA, et al. Clinical utility of measuring infliximab and human anti-chimeric antibody concentrations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(5):1133–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Vande Casteele NC, Compernolle G, Ballet V, Van Assche G, Gils A, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P. OP11 individualised infliximab treatment using therapeutic drug monitoring: a prospective controlled Trough level Adapted infliXImab Treatment (TAXIT) trial. J Crohns Colitis. 2012;6:S6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Vande Casteele NG, Gils A, Ballet V, Compernolle G, Peeters M, Van Steen K, Simoens S, Ferrante M, Van Assche G, Vermeire S, Rutgeerts P. OP001 randomised controlled trial of drug level versus clinically based dosing of infliximab maintenance therapy in IBD: final results of the TAXIT study. United European Gastroenterol J. 2013;1:A1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Vaughn BP, Martinez-Vazquez M, Patwardhan VR, Moss AC, Sandborn WJ, Cheifetz AS. Proactive therapeutic concentration monitoring of infliximab may improve outcomes for patients with inflammatory bowel disease: results from a pilot observational study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20(11):1996–2003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Velayos FS, Kahn JG, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG. A test-based strategy is more cost effective than empiric dose escalation for patients with Crohn’s disease who lose responsiveness to infliximab. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(6):654–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Patil SA, Rustgi A, Langenberg P, Cross RK. Comparative effectiveness of anti-TNF agents for Crohn’s disease in a tertiary referral IBD practice. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58(1):209–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Fiorino G, Buisson A, Danese S. First-line therapy in adult Crohn’s disease: who should receive anti-TNF agents? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10(6):345–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Khanna RL, Levesque BG, Bressler B, Zou G, Stitt L, Greenberg GR, Panaccione R, Bitton A, Pare P, Vermeire S, D'Haens GR, Macintosh DG, Sandborn W, Vandervoot MK, Morris JC, Veagan BG. Early combined immunosuppression for the management of Crohn’s disease: a community-based cluster randomized trial. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8:S2.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Kornbluth A, Sachar DB, Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults: American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(3):501–23. quiz 24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Panaccione RG, Ghosh S, Middleton S, Marques JR, Khalif I, Flint L, Hoogstraten HV, Zheng H, Danese S, Rutgeerts PJ. Infliximab, azathioprine, or infliximab + azathioprine for treatment of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis: the UC success trial. Gastroenterology. 2011;140:S134.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Kopylov U, Mantzaris GJ, Katsanos KH, Reenaers C, Ellul P, Rahier JF, et al. The efficacy of shortening the dosing interval to once every six weeks in Crohn’s patients losing response to maintenance dose of infliximab. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33(3):349–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Dignass A, Van Assche G, Lindsay JO, Lemann M, Soderholm J, Colombel JF, et al. The second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn’s disease: current management. J Crohns Colitis. 2010;4(1):28–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Sandborn WJ, Hanauer SB, Rutgeerts P, Fedorak RN, Lukas M, MacIntosh DG, et al. Adalimumab for maintenance treatment of Crohn’s disease: results of the CLASSIC II trial. Gut. 2007;56(9):1232–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Wolf D, D'Haens G, Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF, Van Assche G, Robinson AM, et al. Escalation to weekly dosing recaptures response in adalimumab-treated patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40(5):486–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Sandborn WJ, Schreiber S, Hanauer SB, Colombel JF, Bloomfield R, Lichtenstein GR, et al. Reinduction with certolizumab pegol in patients with relapsed Crohn’s disease: results from the PRECiSE 4 study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8(8):696–702. e1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Sandborn WH, Hanauer SB, Pierre-Louis B, Lichtenstein GR. Su2079 certolizumab pegol plasma concentration and clinical remission in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(5):S-563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Mendoza Ladd AH, Scott FI, Grace R, Bownik H, Lichtenstein GR. Sa1086 dose escalation of vedolizumab from every 8 weeks to every 4 or 6 weeks enables patients with inflammatory bowel disease to recapture response. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(4):S235–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Toruner M, Loftus Jr EV, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Orenstein R, Sandborn WJ, et al. Risk factors for opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(4):929–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Gavazzi G, Krause KH. Ageing and infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2(11):659–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Cottone M, Kohn A, Daperno M, Armuzzi A, Guidi L, D'Inca R, et al. Advanced age is an independent risk factor for severe infections and mortality in patients given anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(1):30–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Loras C, Gisbert JP, Minguez M, Merino O, Bujanda L, Saro C, et al. Liver dysfunction related to hepatitis B and C in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with immunosuppressive therapy. Gut. 2010;59(10):1340–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Park SH, Yang SK, Lim YS, Shim JH, Yang DH, Jung KW, et al. Clinical courses of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and inflammatory bowel disease in patients with both diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18(11):2004–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2012;57(1):167–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Ayoub WS, Keeffe EB. Review article: current antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(10):1145–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Aberra FN, Stettler N, Brensinger C, Lichtenstein GR, Lewis JD. Risk for active tuberculosis in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(9):1070–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Keane J, Gershon S, Wise RP, Mirabile-Levens E, Kasznica J, Schwieterman WD, et al. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(15):1098–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Jasmer RM, Nahid P, Hopewell PC. Clinical practice. Latent tuberculosis infection. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(23):1860–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. American Thoracic Society. Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2000;49(RR-6):1–51.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Theis VS, Rhodes JM. Review article: minimizing tuberculosis during anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27(1):19–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Gilden D, Cohrs RJ, Mahalingam R, Nagel MA. Varicella zoster virus vasculopathies: diverse clinical manifestations, laboratory features, pathogenesis, and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(8):731–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  102. Hambleton S, Gershon AA. The impact of varicella vaccination in the United States. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2005;16(1):38–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Cullen G, Baden RP, Cheifetz AS. Varicella zoster virus infection in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18(12):2392–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Marin M, Guris D, Chaves SS, Schmid S, Seward JF, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, CDC, et al. Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007;56(RR-4):1–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Harpaz R, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Seward JF, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of herpes zoster: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008;57(RR-5):1–30. quiz CE2-4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Zhang J, Xie F, Delzell E, Chen L, Winthrop KL, Lewis JD, et al. Association between vaccination for herpes zoster and risk of herpes zoster infection among older patients with selected immune-mediated diseases. JAMA. 2012;308(1):43–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  107. Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Enns R, Hanauer SB, Colombel JF, Panaccione R, et al. Adalimumab induction therapy for Crohn disease previously treated with infliximab: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007b;146(12):829–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Regueiro M, Siemanowski B, Kip KE, Plevy S. Infliximab dose intensification in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;13(9):1093–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Sutharshan K, Gearry RB. Temporary adalimumab dose escalation is effective in Crohn’s disease patients with secondary non-response. J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7(7):e277–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Ford LT, Berg JD. Determination of thiopurine S-methyltransferase activity in erythrocytes using 6-thioguanine as substrate and a non-extraction liquid chromatographic technique. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2003;798(1):111–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Ford LT, Cooper SC, Lewis MJ, Berg JD. Reference intervals for thiopurine S-methyltransferase activity in red blood cells using 6-thioguanine as substrate and rapid non-extraction liquid chromatography. Ann Clin Biochem. 2004;41(Pt 4):303–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Ford L, Graham V, Berg J. Whole-blood thiopurine S-methyltransferase activity with genotype concordance: a new, simplified phenotyping assay. Ann Clin Biochem. 2006;43(Pt 5):354–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Gisbert JP, Nino P, Rodrigo L, Cara C, Guijarro LG. Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity and adverse effects of azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: long-term follow-up study of 394 patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(12):2769–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Timmer A, Patton PH, Chande N, McDonald JW, MacDonald JK. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;5:CD000478.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Chande N, Patton PH, Tsoulis DJ, Thomas BS, MacDonald JK. Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;10:CD000067.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Kotlyar DS, Lewis JD, Beaugerie L, Tierney A, Brensinger CM, Gisbert JP, et al. Risk of lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(5):847–58 e4. quiz e48-50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Cornish J, Tan E, Teare J, Teoh TG, Rai R, Clark SK, et al. A meta-analysis on the influence of inflammatory bowel disease on pregnancy. Gut. 2007;56(6):830–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Caprilli R, Gassull MA, Escher JC, Moser G, Munkholm P, Forbes A, et al. European evidence based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn’s disease: special situations. Gut. 2006;55(Suppl 1):i36–58.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  119. Keller J, Frederking D, Layer P. The spectrum and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders during pregnancy. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;5(8):430–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Mahadevan U, Cucchiara S, Hyams JS, Steinwurz F, Nuti F, Travis SP, et al. The London Position Statement of the World Congress of Gastroenterology on Biological Therapy for IBD with the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation: pregnancy and pediatrics. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(2):214–23. quiz 24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Kane SV, Acquah LA. Placental transport of immunoglobulins: a clinical review for gastroenterologists who prescribe therapeutic monoclonal antibodies to women during conception and pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(1):228–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Mahadevan UM, Martin CF, Chambers C, Kane SV, Dubinsky M, Sandborn W, Sands BE. Achievement of developmental milestones among offspring of women with inflammatory bowel disease: the PIANO registry. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(5):S-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Leung Y, Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Seow CH. Management of the pregnant inflammatory bowel disease patient on anti-tumour necrosis factor: state of the art and future directions. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;28(9):505–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Dubinsky M, Mahadevan U, Vermeire S, Abhyankar B, Lasch K. P563 vedolizumab exposure in pregnancy: outcomes from clinical studies in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9(suppl 1):S361–2.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Akbari M, Shah S, Velayos FS, Mahadevan U, Cheifetz AS. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of thiopurines on birth outcomes from female and male patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(1):15–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Mahadevan U, Martin CF, Sandler RS, Kane VS, Dubinsky M, Lewis JD, Sandborn W, Sands BE. 865 PIANO: a 1000 patient prospective registry of pregnancy outcomes in women with IBD exposed to immunomodulators and biologic therapy. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(5):S-149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Jharap B, de Boer NK, Stokkers P, Hommes DW, Oldenburg B, Dijkstra G, et al. Intrauterine exposure and pharmacology of conventional thiopurine therapy in pregnant patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 2014;63(3):451–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Baiocco PJ, Korelitz BI. The influence of inflammatory bowel disease and its treatment on pregnancy and fetal outcome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1984;6(3):211–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Fasanmade AA, Adedokun OJ, Olson A, Strauss R, Davis HM. Serum albumin concentration: a predictive factor of infliximab pharmacokinetics and clinical response in patients with ulcerative colitis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;48(5):297–308.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Fasanmade AA, Adedokun OJ, Blank M, Zhou H, Davis HM. Pharmacokinetic properties of infliximab in children and adults with Crohn’s disease: a retrospective analysis of data from 2 phase III clinical trials. Clin Ther. 2011;33(7):946–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Suzuki Y, Matsui T, Ito H, Ashida T, Nakamura S, Motoya S, et al. Circulating interleukin 6 and albumin, and infliximab levels are good predictors of recovering efficacy after dose escalation infliximab therapy in patients with loss of response to treatment for Crohn’s disease: a prospective clinical trial. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21(9):2114–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Sandborn WJ, Melmed GY, McGovern DP, Loftus Jr EV, Choi JM, Cho JH, et al. Clinical and demographic characteristics predictive of treatment outcomes for certolizumab pegol in moderate to severe Crohn’s disease: analyses from the 7-year PRECiSE 3 study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42(3):330–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Jackson CA, Clatworthy J, Robinson A, Horne R. Factors associated with non-adherence to oral medication for inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(3):525–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Kane S, Huo D, Aikens J, Hanauer S. Medication nonadherence and the outcomes of patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis. Am J Med. 2003;114(1):39–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Kane S, Shaya F. Medication non-adherence is associated with increased medical health care costs. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(4):1020–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Trindade AJ, Morisky DE, Ehrlich AC, Tinsley A, Ullman TA. Current practice and perception of screening for medication adherence in inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;45(10):878–82.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  137. Selinger CP, Robinson A, Leong RW. Clinical impact and drivers of non-adherence to maintenance medication for inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2011;10(6):863–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Sood A, Midha V, Sood N, Kaushal V. Self-reported disease awareness--a questionnaire survey of ulcerative colitis patients. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2001;20(1):6–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Scholmerich J, Sedlak P, Hoppe-Seyler P, Gerok W. The information needs and fears of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 1987;34(4):182–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Casati J, Toner BB, de Rooy EC, Drossman DA, Maunder RG. Concerns of patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a review of emerging themes. Dig Dis Sci. 2000;45(1):26–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Hawthorne AB, Rubin G, Ghosh S. Review article: medication non-adherence in ulcerative colitis--strategies to improve adherence with mesalazine and other maintenance therapies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27(12):1157–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Mazzuca SA. Does patient education in chronic disease have therapeutic value? J Chronic Dis. 1982;35(7):521–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Quan H, Present JW, Sutherland LR. Evaluation of educational programs in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2003;9(6):356–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Waters BM, Jensen L, Fedorak RN. Effects of formal education for patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized controlled trial. Can J Gastroenterol. 2005;19(4):235–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Kane S, Huo D, Magnanti K. A pilot feasibility study of once daily versus conventional dosing mesalamine for maintenance of ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003b;1(3):170–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Dignass A, Veerman H. Once versus twice daily mesalazine (Pentasa) granules for the maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis: results from a multi-national randomized controlled trial. Gut. 2008;57(supple 1):A1.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Lichtenstein GR, Kamm MA, Boddu P, Gubergrits N, Lyne A, Butler T, et al. Effect of once- or twice-daily MMX mesalamine (SPD476) for the induction of remission of mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(1):95–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Greenley R, Nguyen E, Kunz JH, Biank J, Blank E, Miranda A, Noe J, Werlin S, Stephens M. Phone intervention to improve pediatric oral medication adherence: preliminary acceptability and feasibility: P-148. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17(S12):S57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. Moshkovska T, Stone MA, Smith RM, Bankart J, Baker R, Mayberry JF. Impact of a tailored patient preference intervention in adherence to 5-aminosalicylic acid medication in ulcerative colitis: results from an exploratory randomized controlled trial. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17(9):1874–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Cosnes J, Gower-Rousseau C, Seksik P, Cortot A. Epidemiology and natural history of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(6):1785–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Targownik LE, Singh H, Nugent Z, Bernstein CN. The epidemiology of colectomy in ulcerative colitis: results from a population-based cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(8):1228–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Wolters FL, Russel MG, Sijbrandij J, Ambergen T, Odes S, Riis L, et al. Phenotype at diagnosis predicts recurrence rates in Crohn’s disease. Gut. 2006;55(8):1124–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  153. Solberg IC, Vatn MH, Hoie O, Stray N, Sauar J, Jahnsen J, et al. Clinical course in Crohn’s disease: results of a Norwegian population-based ten-year follow-up study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(12):1430–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Beaugerie L, Seksik P, Nion-Larmurier I, Gendre JP, Cosnes J. Predictors of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(3):650–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Cosnes J, Carbonnel F, Beaugerie L, Le Quintrec Y, Gendre JP. Effects of cigarette smoking on the long-term course of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 1996;110(2):424–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Faubion Jr WA, Loftus EV, Sandborn WJ, Freese DK, Perrault J. Pediatric “PSC-IBD”: a descriptive report of associated inflammatory bowel disease among pediatric patients with PSC. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;33(3):296–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Targan SR, Landers CJ, Yang H, Lodes MJ, Cong Y, Papadakis KA, et al. Antibodies to CBir1 flagellin define a unique response that is associated independently with complicated Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(7):2020–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Vasiliauskas EA, Kam LY, Karp LC, Gaiennie J, Yang H, Targan SR. Marker antibody expression stratifies Crohn’s disease into immunologically homogeneous subgroups with distinct clinical characteristics. Gut. 2000;47(4):487–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  159. Arnott ID, Landers CJ, Nimmo EJ, Drummond HE, Smith BK, Targan SR, et al. Sero-reactivity to microbial components in Crohn’s disease is associated with disease severity and progression, but not NOD2/CARD15 genotype. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(12):2376–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Melmed GY, Fleshner PR, Bardakcioglu O, Ippoliti A, Vasiliauskas EA, Papadakis KA, et al. Family history and serology predict Crohn’s disease after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51(1):100–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Vasiliauskas EA, Plevy SE, Landers CJ, Binder SW, Ferguson DM, Yang H, et al. Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with Crohn’s disease define a clinical subgroup. Gastroenterology. 1996;110(6):1810–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Carbonnel F, Macaigne G, Beaugerie L, Gendre JP, Cosnes J. Crohn’s disease severity in familial and sporadic cases. Gut. 1999;44(1):91–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  163. Alvarez-Lobos M, Arostegui JI, Sans M, Tassies D, Plaza S, Delgado S, et al. Crohn’s disease patients carrying Nod2/CARD15 gene variants have an increased and early need for first surgery due to stricturing disease and higher rate of surgical recurrence. Ann Surg. 2005;242(5):693–700.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  164. Cucchiara S, Latiano A, Palmieri O, Canani RB, D'Inca R, Guariso G, et al. Polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha but not MDR1 influence response to medical therapy in pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;44(2):171–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Farrell RJ, Kelleher D. Glucocorticoid resistance in inflammatory bowel disease. J Endocrinol. 2003;178(3):339–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Potocnik U, Ferkolj I, Glavac D, Dean M. Polymorphisms in multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene are associated with refractory Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. Genes Immun. 2004;5(7):530–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Hlavaty T, Pierik M, Henckaerts L, Ferrante M, Joossens S, van Schuerbeek N, et al. Polymorphisms in apoptosis genes predict response to infliximab therapy in luminal and fistulizing Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22(7):613–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Henriksen M, Jahnsen J, Lygren I, Vatn MH, Moum B, Group IS. Are there any differences in phenotype or disease course between familial and sporadic cases of inflammatory bowel disease? Results of a population-based follow-up study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(9):1955–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Hoie O, Wolters F, Riis L, Aamodt G, Solberg C, Bernklev T, et al. Ulcerative colitis: patient characteristics may predict 10-yr disease recurrence in a European-wide population-based cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(8):1692–701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Langholz E, Munkholm P, Davidsen M, Binder V. Course of ulcerative colitis: analysis of changes in disease activity over years. Gastroenterology. 1994;107(1):3–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Niewiadomski O, Studd C, Hair C, Wilson J, Ding NS, Heerasing N, et al. Prospective population-based cohort of inflammatory bowel disease in the biologics era: disease course and predictors of severity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;30(9):1346–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Iliev ID, Funari VA, Taylor KD, Nguyen Q, Reyes CN, Strom SP, et al. Interactions between commensal fungi and the C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1 influence colitis. Science. 2012;336(6086):1314–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  173. Siegel CA, Horton H, Siegel LS, Thompson KD, Mackenzie T, Stewart SK, et al. A validated web-based tool to display individualised Crohn’s disease predicted outcomes based on clinical, serologic and genetic variables. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43(2):262–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3701 Market St 6th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Rahul S. Dalal MD

  2. Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Jan-Michael Klapproth MD

  3. Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, 7th Floor – South Pavilion, Room 753, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Gary R. Lichtenstein MD

Authors
  1. Rahul S. Dalal MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jan-Michael Klapproth MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gary R. Lichtenstein MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gary R. Lichtenstein MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Russell D. Cohen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dalal, R.S., Klapproth, JM., Lichtenstein, G.R. (2017). Tricks of the Trade: Treating Your Patient with Moderate-to-Severe IBD. In: Cohen, R. (eds) Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clinical Gastroenterology. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53763-4_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53763-4_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-53761-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-53763-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation