Abstract
Hong Kong English (HKE) is a contact variety between two languages that have very distinct syllable structure: Cantonese with a simple structure allowing only three segments and English where syllables can be quite large. Unraveling the structure of the HKE syllable is however quite difficult because evidence is scarce. We do not have a sufficiently large corpus of HKE poetry and rhyme, neither has HKE been known to have language games (ludling) that involve syllable manipulation. In particular, ludlings are the phonological equivalent of a cloud chamber where the syllables may be smashed and their components observed, and hence it is a good probe into HKE syllable structure. In this study, speakers are taught a form of ludling involving backwards manipulation by encoding polysyllabic Cantonese words in reverse order of the syllables, hence Hong Kong is encoded as Kong Hong. These speakers are then invited to encode English words (both mono- and polysyllabic). This study reports a number of interesting findings on the basis of the range of possible backwards manipulations: (i) HKE allows diphthongs as the nucleus of a syllable; (ii) the HKE coda prefers plosives or nasals; (iii) the HKE onset allows clusters but fricatives tend to be treated as syllabic; and (iv) HKE allows syllabic obstruent segments.
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Notes
- 1.
Notably missing [ŋ], accountable by firstly, HKE words from British or American sources have no such instances other than heterosyllabic ones like finger, hangar and singing; secondly most HK Cantonese speakers today no longer have the velar nasal as an onset, thus ruling out also any HKE words of Cantonese origin.
- 2.
In normal articulation, [h] is not attested as a coda. However, in “backwards” manipulation help [heup] ➔ [peuh], we see that HKE speakers allow [h] in the coda after swapping places with [p].
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Acknowledgements
This paper is supported by GRF-HKBU250712. Thanks to Mingxing Li, Yang Liu and the painstaking efforts of the editors for many helpful comments and corrections.
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WEE, LH. (2017). The Hong Kong English Syllable Structure. In: Xu, Z., He, D., Deterding, D. (eds) Researching Chinese English: the State of the Art. Multilingual Education, vol 22. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53110-6_3
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