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Cardiac Diffusion MRI

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Protocols and Methodologies in Basic Science and Clinical Cardiac MRI

Abstract

The myocardial microstructure and three-dimensional architecture govern the electrical propagation and mechanical function of the heart. Diffusion MRI is a unique method for microstructural characterization of the whole heart, both in vivo and ex vivo. However, there remain significant challenges in imaging the living, beating heart with an imaging method that is highly sensitive to motion. Major advancements are catalysing protocol development and optimisation that are in turn driving applications in health and disease. Central among these advances are methods in assessing and addressing the major confounds of motion, strain and perfusion. Concurrent exploration of advanced methods for assessing non-Gaussian diffusion is making available novel biomarkers of disease. Complementary efforts in validation of diffusion parameters with other imaging modalities are augmenting understanding and interpretation of diffusion MRI data, while assessment of reproducibility and design of diffusion phantoms are improving confidence in the reliability of measurements.

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Abbreviations

1D:

One-dimensional

3D:

Three-dimensional

ADC:

Apparent diffusion coefficient

bSSFP:

Balanced steady-state free precession

CODE:

Convex optimised diffusion encoding

CPMG:

Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill

DKI:

Diffusion kurtosis imaging

DSI:

Diffusion spectrum imaging

DTI:

Diffusion tensor imaging

DW:

Diffusion-weighted

EPI:

Echo planar imaging

FA:

Fractional anisotropy

FACT:

Fibre assignment by continuous tracking

FSE:

Fast spin echo

GMN:

Gradient moment-nulling

HA:

Helix angle

HARDI:

High angular resolution diffusion imaging

HCM:

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

IVIM:

Intra-voxel incoherent motion

LAD:

Left anterior descending artery

LGE:

Late gadolinium enhanced

LV:

Left ventricle

MD:

Mean diffusivity

MI:

Myocardial infarction

MRI :

Magnetic resonance imaging

ODF:

Orientation distribution function

PCATMIP:

Principal component analysis and temporal maximum intensity projection

PGSE:

Pulsed gradient spin echo

PMI:

Post-mortem intervals to fixation

QBI:

Q-ball imaging

RF:

Radiofrequency

ROI:

Region-of-interest

RV:

Right ventricle

SE:

Spin echo

SNR:

Signal-to-noise ratio

SRI:

Synchrotron radiation imaging

STEAM:

Stimulated echo acquisition mode

TA:

Transverse angle

TD:

Trigger-delay

TMIP:

Temporal maximum intensity projection

VF:

Vascular volume fraction

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Teh, I. (2018). Cardiac Diffusion MRI. In: Constantinides, C. (eds) Protocols and Methodologies in Basic Science and Clinical Cardiac MRI. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53001-7_3

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