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E-Voting in Developing Countries

Current Landscape and Future Research Agenda

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Electronic Voting (E-Vote-ID 2016)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNSC,volume 10141))

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Abstract

The rate of e-voting implementation in developing countries is too significant to ignore, yet the lack of theoretical common ground has resulted in dispersed ways of perceiving the technology. The objectives of this paper, therefore, are twofold: (1) providing a thematic landscape and defining the state of the current research on e-voting in developing countries, and (2) propounding courses for future research on e-voting which emphasize social, organizational and technological accounts of the technology. Following a systematic examination of sixty seven articles, this work found that the current studies have inclined towards technological centrism and that the question is no longer ‘why’ but ‘how’ to fit e-voting concepts and theoretical constructs into the various contexts of developing democracy. There is also evidence to suggest that system design studies have often been conducted without sufficient effort allocated for the strategic design of e-voting initiatives. This paper thus argues that future research on e-voting in developing countries should be focused on drawing the holistic image of reciprocal relationships between social and technical aspects of the technology. As a consequence, future studies must perceive e-voting not as a mere technological means but rather as a complex socio-technical agent that plays an important role in social and political reforms. They need to be more critical of the motives behind e-voting initiatives and conservative in following established development frameworks.

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Acknowledgement

This research has been funded by Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP), Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia

    Manik Hapsara, Ahmed Imran & Timothy Turner

Authors
  1. Manik Hapsara
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  2. Ahmed Imran
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  3. Timothy Turner
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manik Hapsara .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia

    Robert Krimmer

  2. Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden

    Melanie Volkamer

  3. EVOL2-eVoting Research Lab, Tarragona, Spain

    Jordi Barrat

  4. Microsoft Research, Seattle, USA

    Josh Benaloh

  5. University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    Nicole Goodman

  6. University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    Peter Y. A. Ryan

  7. University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

    Vanessa Teague

Appendix: List of Articles Included in the Final Dataset

Appendix: List of Articles Included in the Final Dataset

Papers discussing more than one country of interest are listed under each country, respectively.

Country of interest

Title

Nigeria

Ayo, C., Daramola, J., Grabriel, O. & Sofoluwe, A. An End-to-End e-Election System based on Multimodal Identification and Authentication. In: 6th International Conference on E-Government, 2006 Cape Town, South Africa

Ekong, U. & Ayo, C. 2007. The Prospects of M-Voting Implementation in Nigeria. 3GSM & Mobile Computing: An emerging growth engine for national development, 172-179

Ayo, C., Adebiyi, A. & Fatudimu, I. 2008. E-Democracy: A requirement for a successful e-voting and e-government implementation in Nigeria. International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 4, 310-318

Ayo, C., Adebiyi, A. & Sofoluwe, A. 2009. E-Voting Implementation in Nigeria: the success factors. In: Curbing Political Violence in Nigeria: The role of security profession. Nigeria: Institute of Security, Mukagamu and Brothers Ent.

Ayo, C. & Azeta, A. A Framework for Voice-Enabled m-Voting System: Nigeria a case study. In: 9th European Conference on E-Government, 2009 London, UK

Ekong, U. & Ekong, V. 2010. M-Voting: A panacea for enhanced e-participation. Asian Journal of Information Technology, 9, 111-116

Olaniyi, O., Adewumi, D., Oluwatosin, E., Bashorun, M. & Arulogun, O. 2011. Framework for Multilingual Mobile E-Voting Service Infrastructure for Democratic Governance. African Journal of Computing & ICT, 4, 23-32

Faniran, S. & Olaniyan, K. Strengthening Democratic Practice in Nigeria: A case for e-voting. In: 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, 2011 Tallin, Estonia. 337-340

Adeyinka, T. & Olasina, G. 2012. Voter’s Perception of the Adequacy and Suitability of e-Voting in the Nigeria Polity. In: Handbook of Research on E-Government in Emerging Economies: Adoption, e-participation, and legal frameworks. IGI Global

Kuye, C., Coker, J., Ogundeinde, I. & Coker, C. 2013. Design and Analysis of Electronic Voting System in Nigeria. International Archive of Applied Sciences and Technology, 4, 15-20

Ishaq, S., Osman, W., Shittu, A. & Jimoh, R. 2013. Adoption of E-Voting System in Nigeria: A conceptual framework. International Journal of Applied Information Systems, 5, 8-14

Musa, M. & Aliyu, F. 2013. Design of Electronic Voting Systems for Reducing Election Process. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 2, 183-186

Olaniyi, O., Arulogun, O. & Omidiora, E. 2013. Design of Secure Electronic Voting System using Multifactor Authentication and Cryptographic Hash Function. International Journal of Computer and Information Technology, 2, 1122-1130

Adeshina, S. Towards Improved Adoption of e-Voting - Analysis of the case of Nigeria. 8th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, 2014 Portugal

Brooks, L. & Mohammed, A. eVoting in Nigeria: The case of the Independent National Electoral Commission. EGOSE ‘14, 2014 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation. 127-136

Folarin, S., Ayo, C., Oni, A. & Gberevbie, D. Challenges and Prospects of e-Elections in Nigeria. European Conference on eGovernment, 2014 Brasov, Romania

Akeem, B., Salihu, S. & Nuradeen, I. 2014. Electronic Process in Africa: A proposed general e-voting model (Case study - Nigeria). International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 5, 920-927

Iromini, N., Onawola, H. & Ajao, A. 2014. Electronic Voting System for Student Election Process. International Journal of Computer & Communication Engineering Research, 2, 183-192

Olaniyi, O., Arulogun, O., Omidiora, E. & Okediran, O. 2014. Performance Assessment of an Imperceptible and Robust Secured E-Voting Model. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 3, 127-132

Brazil

Rezende, P. 2004. Electronic Voting Systems, Is Brazil ahead of its time? RSA Laboratories, 7

Filho, J., Alexander, C. & Batista, L. E-Voting in Brazil - the risks to democracy. In: Electronic Voting, 2006 Bonn, Germany. Bregenz, 85-94

Avgerou, C., Ganzaroli, A., Poulymenakou, A. & Reinhard, N. ICT and Citizens’ Trust in Government: Lessons from electronic voting in Brazil. In: 9th International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries, 2007 Sao Paulo, Brazil

Filho, J. E-Voting in Brazil - Reinforcing institutions while diminishing citizenship. In: 3rd International Conference on Electronic Voting, 2008 Castle Hofen, Bregenz, Austria. 239-248

Avgerou, C., Ganzaroli, A., Poulymenakou, A. & Reinhard, N. 2009. Interpreting the Trustworthiness of Government Mediated by Information and Communication Technology: Lessons from electronic voting in Brazil. IT for Development, 15, 133-148

Filho, J. R. 2010. E-Voting and the Creation of Trust for Socially Marginalized Citizens in Brazil. eJournal of eDemocracy & Open Government, 2, 184-193

Avgerou, C. 2013. Explaining Trust in IT-Mediated Elections: A case study of e-voting in Brazil. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 14, 420-451

Indonesia

Jillbert, J. & Musaruddin, M. Online Voting for E-Democracy in Developing Countries: Is it possible? 5th International Conference on Information Technology in Regional Areas, 2003 Queensland, Australia

Hapsara, M. Imposing Transparency in Indonesia’s E-Voting System through Security by Design. E-Indonesia Initiative, 2011 Bandung, Indonesia

Hapsara, M. E-Voting Indonesia: A safety-critical-systems model towards standard and framework for Indonesia’s presidential election. In: International Conference on Information Technology, 2013 Bali, Indonesia. 81-86

Hapsara, M. Electronic Voting for the People of Mount Merapi, Really? In: IEEE International Symposium on Technology Management and Emerging Technology, 2014 Bandung, Indonesia

Hapsara, M. E-Voting Indonesia: Framing the Research. In: 9a Conferencia Iberica de Sistemas y Tecnologias de Informacion, 2014 Barcelona Spain

Argentine

Vilamala, J. 2007. E-Voting: An analysis of sociopolitical acceptance. 21st IPSA World Congress. Chile

Alvarez, R., Katz, G. & Pomares, J. 2011. The Impact of New Technologies on Voter Confidence in Latin America: Evidence from E-Voting Experiments in Argentina and Colombia. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 8, 199-217

Alvarez, R., Levin, I., Pomares, J. & Leiras, M. 2013. Voting Made Safe and Easy: The impact of e-voting on citizen perception. Political Science Research and Methods, 1, 117-137

Pomares, J., Levin, I., Alvarez, R., Mirau, G. & Overejo, T. From Piloting to Roll-Out: voting experience and trust in the first full e-election in Argentina. In: 6th International Conference on Electronic Voting, 2014 Lochau/Bregenz. Austria

India

Wolchok, S., Wustrow, E., Halderman, J., Prasad, H., Kankipati, A., Sakhamuri, S., Yagati, V. & Gonggrijp, R. Security Analysis of India’s Electronic Voting Machines. 17th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 2010 Chicago, USA

Kumar, D. & Begum, T. Electronic Voting Machine - A review. International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Informatics and Medical Engineering, 2012

Yadav, S. & Singh, A. 2013. A Biometric Traits-based Authentication System for Indian Voting System. International Journal of Computer Applications, 65, 28-32

Iran

Kahani, M. 2005. Experiencing Small-Scale E-Democracy in Iran. The electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, 22, 1-9

Isaai, M., Firoozi, F. & Hemyari, M. E-Election in Digital Society. Third International Conference on Digital Society, 2009 Cancun

Basirat, P. 2012. The Relationship between the National Culture and the Implementation of the E-Voting System. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 3, 811-815

Jordan

Abu-Shanab, E., Knight, M. & Refai, H. 2010. E-Voting Systems: A tool for e-democracy. Management Research and Practice, 2, 264-274

Nu’man, A. 2012. A Framework for Adopting E-Voting in Jordan. Electronic Journal of e-Government, 10, 133-146

Abandah, G., Darabkh, K., Ammari, T. & Qunsul, O. 2013. Secure National Electronic Voting System. Journal of Information Science and Engineering, 30, 1339-1364

South Africa

Gefen, D., Rose, G., Warketin, M. & Pavlou, P. 2006. Culture and Trust in the Adoption of Electronic Voting: A look at the USA and South Africa. Advanced Topics in Global Information Management, 5

Swanepoel, E., Thomson, K. & Vanniekerk, J. E-Voting: A South African perspective. In: First International ICST Conference, 2010 Maputo, Mozambique. 70-77

Achieng, M. & Ruhode, E. 2013. The Adoption and Challenges of Electronic Voting Technologies within The South African Context. International Journal of Managing Information Technology, 5, 1-12

Colombia

Alvarez, R., Katz, G., Llamosa, R. & Martinez, H. Assessing Voters’ Attitudes towards Electronic Voting in Latin Amerika: Evidence from Colombia’s e-voting pilot. In: VOTE-ID, 2009

Alvarez, R., Katz, G. & Pomares, J. 2011. The Impact of New Technologies on Voter Confidence in Latin America: Evidence from E-Voting Experiments in Argentina and Colombia. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 8, 199-217

Pakistan

Bokhari, H. & Khan, M. Digitisation of Electoral Rolls: Analysis of multi-agency e-government project in Pakistan. In: 6th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Government, 2012 Albany, USA. 158-165

Ullah, M., Umar, A., Amin, N. & Nizamuddin. An Efficient and Secure Mobile Phone Voting System. Eight International Conference on Digital Information Management, 2013 Islamabad. 332-336

Tanzania

Kimbi, S., Nkansah-Gyekye, Y. & Michael, K. 2014. Towards a Secure Remote Electronic Voting in Tanzania - Organizational challenges. Advances in Computer Science: an International Journal, 3, 122-131

Kimbi, S. & Zlotnikova, I. 2014. Citizens’ Readiness for Remote Electronic Voting in Tanzania. Advances in Computer Science: an International Journal, 3, 150-159

UAE

Salem, F. 2007. Enhancing Trust in e-Voting through Knowledge Management: The case of UAE. In: Managing Knowledge to Build Trust in Government. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)

Al-Khouri, A. 2012. E-Voting in UAE FNC Elections: A case study. Information and Knowledge Management, 2, 25-84

Ghana

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Hapsara, M., Imran, A., Turner, T. (2017). E-Voting in Developing Countries. In: Krimmer, R., et al. Electronic Voting. E-Vote-ID 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10141. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52240-1_3

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