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Water in Hindu Scriptures: Thank You, Water!

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Water and Scriptures

Abstract

Religion, one of the inseparable institutions of human society has guided mankind in handling and conductzing himself with respect to every aspect of life and nature throughout the history across the world. In India, the divine perceptions brought out by religion have been deeply rooted in man’s thought process. Against this backdrop, this paper throws light on the most basic and the most essential natural resource ‘Water’, its relevance and various dimensions of divinity attached to it as per the religious principle influencing better water management, exploitation of water over time and sciences that have been influenced by religion in ancient India.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    आनोभद्राः क्रतवो यन्तु विश्वतः/Aanoibhadraah krathavo yanthu vishwathah

  2. 2.

    वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्................. Vasudhaiva kutumbakam……Hithopadeshah

  3. 3.

    सर्वे भवन्तु सुखिनः, सर्वे सन्तु निरामयाः, सर्वे भद्राणि पश्यन्तु मा कश्चित् दु:खभाग्भवॆत्/ Sarve bhavanthu sukhinah sarve santhu niraamayaah sarve bhadraani pashyanthu maa kashchit dukha bhaagbhavethh, sarve bhadrani pashyantu maakashchit dukhkha bhaagbhaveth

  4. 4.

    सर्वम् खल्विदम् ब्रह्म/sarvam khalvidam brahma

  5. 5.

    आप्रारजांसि दिव्यानि पार्थिवा..............प्रबाहू अस्राक् सविता सवीमनि निवेशयन् प्रसवन्नक्तुभिर्जगत्...............(ऋक् ४.५३.३)/aapraa rajaamsi divyaani paarvthiva........prabaahu asraak savitaa savimani niveshayan prasavannaktubhirjagat.......Rigveda...4.53.3

  6. 6.

    त्वं विभर्षि द्विपदः त्वं चतुष्पदः......................अथर्वणवॆदः १२.१.१५/tvam bibharshi dvipadah tvam chatushpadah….Atharvanaveda…12.7.15

  7. 7.

    मॊक्षः/Mokshah.

  8. 8.

    अविद्यया मृत्युं तीर्त्वा विद्यया अमृतत्वमश्णुत..................................... Avidyayaa mrutyum teertvaa vidyayaa amrutatvamashuta....Yajurveda...40.11

  9. 9.

    ऋग्वेदोऽथयजुर्वेदोसामवेदोह्यथर्वणवः/Rigvedothayajurvedahssaamavedoatharvanah

  10. 10.

    श्रुतिस्मृतिविवादेषु श्रुतिरेव गरीयसि...,आम्नायप्रमाणम्, शब्दप्रमाणम्/ shruthismruthivivaadeshushruthireva gareeyasi...aamnaayapramaanam/shabdapramaanam

  11. 11.

    Botany happens to be a part of the medical sciences, it is classically named as Vrukshaayurveda (वृक्षायुर्वेदः)

  12. 12.

    नासदासीत् नॊसदासीत्......................................(ऋग्वेद: 10.129.1)/naasadaasiit nosadasiit....Rigveda...10.129.1

  13. 13.

    अम्भः/Ambhah

  14. 14.

    इमानि पञ्च भूतानि पृथिवी वायुः आकाशः आपज्यॊतीषि............ऐतरॆयॊपनिषत् ३-३/Imaani panchabhootani pruthivi vaayuh aakaashah aapajyotishi…..Aitareyopanishat….3.3 ???

  15. 15.

    sarvadravyam paanchabhoutikamasminnarthe….Charakasamhitaa

  16. 16.

    पृथिव्यॊष्धयः...... / tasmaadvaa etasmaadaatmana aakashassambhootah aakaashadvaayuh vaayoragnih agneraapah adbhyah pruthivi prutivyoshadayah…..taittariyopanishad….2.1.1

  17. 17.

    तम आसित्तमसा गूढमग्रे प्रकॆतम्। सलिलं सर्वदा इदम्। तुच्छॆनाभ्वपिहितं यदासीत्। तमसस्तन्महिना जायतैकम॥/ tama aasittamasaa gudhamagre praketam. Salilam sarvadaa idam. Tuchchenaabhvapihitam yadaaset. Tamasastanmahinaa jaayataikam……Rigveda

  18. 18.

    Taittariya samhitaa and vaajasaneeyi samhitaa are two samhitaa texts available for Yajurveda, of which taittariya samhitaa is not checked with prosody or chandas, a vedaanga and the vaajasaneyi samhitaa is bound by meters so could be concluded as more authentic. Taittariya samhitaa is popular in South India and Vaajasaneyi samhitaa in North India.

  19. 19.

    There are more than 100 upanishads identified, the most famous among them being Esha (ईश), Kena (कॆन), Katha (कठ), Munda (मुण्ड), Mandukya (माण्डुकय), Pashna (प्रशन), Taittariya (तैत्तरीय), Eteraya (एतेरय), Chandogya (छान्दोग्य) and Bruhadaranyaka(बृहदारण्यक).

  20. 20.

    ऎषां भूतानाम् प्रुथिवी रसः प्रुथिव्या आपॊ रसः.............छान्दोग्यॊपनिशत्...१.१.२ Aeshaam bhootanaam pruthivi rasa, pruthivyaa aapo rasah…Chandogyopanishad 1.1.2

  21. 21.

    एषां वै भूतानां पृथिवी रसः पृथिव्या आपः आपां ऒषधयः ऒषधीनां पुष्पाणि, पुष्पानां फलानि,फलानां पुरुषः.......बृहदारण्यकोपनिषत्.......६.४.१/ Esham vai bhootaanaam pruthivi rasah, pruthivyaa aapah, aapaam oshadhayah oshdhinaam pushpaani pashpaanaam phalani phalaanaam purushah…Bruhadaranyakopanishat..6.4.1

  22. 22.

    आप ऒषधयॊ वनस्पतयः......तैत्तरीयॊपनिष्त्...१.७.१/ aapa oshadhayo vanaspatayah…..Taittariyopanishat….1.7.1

  23. 23.

    आपॊ वा अन्नम्....तैत्तरीयॊपनिषत्..३.८.१/ aapo vaa annam… Taittariyopanishat….3.8.1

  24. 24.

    आपॊवा अग्रे इदमासन्.......................... aapo vaa agre idamaasan….Jaiminyopanishat

  25. 25.

    आपॊ ऎव ससृज आदम्........................... aapo eva sasruja aadam….Manusmrithi

  26. 26.

    annaabhavati bhootaani parjanyaadannasambhavah yajnaadbhavatiparjanyah yajnah karma samudbhavah…Bhagavadgeeta

  27. 27.

    श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषत्...........४.२/shetaashvataropanishat….4.2

  28. 28.

    आपॊ वै दॆवता............................... aapo vai devataa…Yajurveda..14.20

  29. 29.

    आपॊ ज्यॊती रसोऽमृतम् ब्रह्म भूर्भुवस्सुवरॊम्............................ aapo jyothi raso amrutham brahma bhoorbhuvassuvarom….Yajurveda…15.20

  30. 30.

    स्नानपानशौचचिकित्साकृषिस्तर्पणम्........................................./ snaanapaanashouchachikitsaa….Ayurveda

  31. 31.

    snaanapaanaavagaaheshu hitamambu yathaamrutham

  32. 32.

    समुद्रं न सन्चरणे सनिष्यवः....ऋग्वॆदः/ samudran na sancharena sanishyavah…..Rigveda

  33. 33.

    ते तथॊक्ताःसमुत्थाय त्वरिता राजशासनात्। पञ्च नावां शतान्याशु समानित्युः समन्ततः॥ २.८९.१० Te tathoktaah samuththaaya tvarithaa raajashaasanaath| pancha naavam shataanyaashu samaanityuhu samantatah.........2.89.90

    अन्याः स्वस्तिकविज्ञॆया महाघण्टधारा वराः। शॊभमानाः पातकाभिर्युक्तवाताः सुसंहताः॥ २.८९.११ anyaah svastikavijneyaa mahaaghantadhaaraa vaaraah| shobhamaanaah paatakaabhiryuktavaataah susamhataah.....2.89.11

  34. 34.

    ततः स्वस्तिकविज्ञॆयां पाण्डुकम्बलसंवृत्तामाम्। सनन्दिघोशां कल्याणीं गुहे नावमुपाहरत्॥ २.८९.१२ Tatah svastikavijneyaam paandukambalasamvruttaamaam| sanandighoshaam kalyaaneem gruhe naavamupaaharat….2.89.12

  35. 35.

    A unit of time called ghati equal to 1/60th of a day.

  36. 36.

    यथॊदकं दुर्गे वृष्टं पर्वतॆषु विधवति। ऎवं धर्मान्पृथक्पश्यान् तानॆवानुविधावति॥..कठॊपनिषत्..२.१.१४………yathoodakam durge vrushtam parvateshu vidhavathi| evam dharmaanpruthakpashyaan taanevaanuvidhaavathi……..Kathopanishat……2.1.14

  37. 37.

    Pruthivyaam treeni rathnaani jalamannam subhashitham…..chanakyaniti

  38. 38.

    Aapa idvaa u bhishjiraapo amiivachaatanih aapah sarvasya bheshajiistatre krunvanthu bheshajam….Rig 8.7.24

  39. 39.

    पानीयम् प्रणिनाम् प्राणः विश्वमेवच तन्मयं नहि तॊयाद्विना वृत्तिः स्वस्थ व्याधितस्यवा.............अष्टाङ्गसङ्ग्रहः paaneeyam praaninaam praanah vishvamevacha tanmayam nahi toyaadvinaa vrittih svasthavyaadhitasyavaa………Ashtaangasamgrahah

  40. 40.

    अशीतश्चॊदकं युक्ता भुन्जानश्चान्तरां पिबॆत्.............................सुश्रुतसंहिता asheetashchoodakam yuktaa bhunjaanashchaantaram pibeth………..sushruthasamhitaa

  41. 41.

    Ajeerne bheshajam vaari jeerne vaari balapradam bhojane chaamrutham vaari bhojanaanthe vishapradam…….Chanakyaniithi

  42. 42.

    Bhukthasyaadau jalam piitham kaarshma mandaagni doshakruth madhyegni deepanam shreshthamanthe sthoulya kaphapradam

  43. 43.

    Samasthoolakrushaabhuktha madhyaantha prathamaambupaah…….Ashtaangahrudayam Sutrasthana 5

  44. 44.

    अत्य्म्बुपानान्न विपच्यतॆऽन्नं निरम्बुपानाच्च सयॆव दॊषः तस्मान्नरॊ वन्हिविवर्धनाय मुहुर्मुहुर्वारि पिबॆद्भूरि.....………सुश्रुतसंहिता atyambupaanaanna vipachyatennam nirambupaanaachcha sayeva doshah tasmaannaro vanhivivardhanaaya muhurmuhurvaari pibedvaari........sushruthasamhitaa

  45. 45.

    उषःकालॆ अमृतम्वारि जीर्णेवारिबलप्रदम् विषवद्भॊजनान्तेच भैषज्यम्रॊगपीडिते................चरखसंहिता Ushah kale amrutham vaari jeerne vaari balapradam vishavadbhojanaanthe cha bhaishajyamrogapidithe………Charakhasamhitaa

  46. 46.

    निशान्तेच पिबॆद्वारि……………Nishaantecha pibedvaari

  47. 47.

    वातपित्तकफदोषानि त्रीणि/ Vaathapiththa kaphadoshaani thriini

  48. 48.

    Ushnam vaathe kaphe piththe raktha cha shiithalam ………Sushrutha Sutraani….46.435

  49. 49.

    पार्ष्वशूले प्र्तश्याये वातरोगे गलग्रहे। अधमाने स्थिमिते कोष्टे सद्यः शुद्धे नवज्वरे। हिककायां स्नेहपीतेच शीतांबु परिवर्जयेत्॥ सुश्रुत सम्हिता सूत्रश्तन ४५....Parshwashoole prathishyaaye vaatharoge galagrahe| Aadhmaane sthimithe koshte sadyah shudde navajware hikakaayaam snehapeethe cha sheethaambu parivarjayeth (Sushruthasamhitha. Soothrasthana. 45.)

  50. 50.

    An extract from the Sushruta Samhita edited and published by Kaviraj kunja lal bhishagratna with a full and comprehensive introduction and plates (in three volumes) Kalyanaraman.

  51. 51.

    दीपनम् वृष्यमायुश्यम् स्नानमूर्जा बलप्रदम् कदूमलाश्रमस्वॆदतन्द्रा तृत् दाह पापजित्/Deepanam vrushyamaayushyam snaanamurjaa balapradam kadumalaashramasvedatandraa truth daaha paapajith

  52. 52.

    अभ्यङ्ग स्नानम्/Abhyanga snaanam

  53. 53.

    पादावगाहनेन नेत्रपाटवः मनःशान्तिश्च/ Paadaavagaahanena netrapaatavah manah shaanthishcha

  54. 54.

    /Ogachu

  55. 55.

    कषाय मधुरं रूक्षं वासन्तिकं जलम्.....चरक संहिता सूत्रस्थानं २७, Kashaya madhuram rooksham vaasanthikam jalam. (Charakasamhitha.Soothrasthana.27)

  56. 56.

    गरिष्मिकं तु अनभिष्यान्दि जलमित्येव निश्चयः.... चरक संहिता सूत्रस्थानं २७

    Graishmikam thu anabhishyandi jalamithyeva Nishchayaha (Charakasamhitha.Soothrasthana.27)

  57. 57.

    गुर्वभिष्यन्दि पानीयं वार्षिकं नवं....... चरक संहिता सूत्रस्थानं २७

    Gurvabhishyandi paaneeyam vaarshikam madhuram navan. (Charakasamhitha.Soothrasthana.27)

  58. 58.

    तनुलाघवन्भिष्यन्दि प्रायः शरदि वर्शति..... चरक संहिता सूत्रस्थानं २७

    Thanu Laghvanbhishyandi praayaha sharadi varshathi (Charakasamhitha.Soothrasthana.27)

  59. 59.

    हेमन्ते सलिलं स्निग्धं वृश्यं बलहितं गुरु..... चरक संहिता सूत्रस्थानं २७

    Hemanthe salilam snigdham vrushyam bala hitham guru (Charakasamhitha.Soothrasthana.27.)

  60. 60.

    किञ्चित्तप्तो शिशिरे कफवातजित्...... चरक संहिता सूत्रस्थानं २७

    Kinchith taptho Shishire kaphavaathajith (Charakasamhitha.Soothrasthana. 27.)

  61. 61.

    गगनाम्बु त्रिदोषग्नं गृहीतं यत् सुभाजने। बल्यं रसायनं मेध्यं पातापेक्षी ततः परम्॥ Gaganambu thridoshagnam Griheetham yath subhaajane।Balyam Rasaayanam medhyam paathaapekshee tathah param॥

  62. 62.

    प्रार्थना वै संकल्पः..........................निरुक्तम्/praarthanaa vai sankalpah.............Niruktham

  63. 63.

    ऒम् आपॊहिश्ठामयोभुवस्तानऊर्जेदधातन महेरणायचक्षसे योवःशिवतमोरसःतस्यभाजयतेहनः उषतीरिव मातरः तस्माऽरङ्गमामवो यस्यक्षयाय जिन्वथ आपो जनयथाचनः(य़जुर्वॆदः- ३६.१४,१५,१६)/Om aapohishtaa mayo bhuvastaana oorje dadhaatana maheranaaya chakshase | yovah shivatamo rasastasya bhaajayatehanah ushateeriva maatrah tasmaa arangamaamavo yasyakshayaaya jinvatha | Aapo janayathaa cha nah |.............Yajurveda.....36.14,15,16

  64. 64.

    payah prithivyaa paya oshadhishu payo divyaantharikshe payothaah payaspathii pradishaasanthumahyam…..Yajurveda..18.22

  65. 65.

    शं नः कनिक्रदद्दॆवः पर्जन्यः अभिवर्शन्तु (यजुर्वेद ३६.१०)/ sham nah kanikradaddevah parjanyah abhvarshantu….Yajurveda..36.10

  66. 66.

    शन्नॊदॆवीरभिष्ट्य आपॊ भवन्तु पीतये, शय्यॊरभिस्रवन्तुनः (य़जुर्वॆद ३६.१२)/sham no devirabhishtaya aapo bhavantu pitayeh shayyorabhisravanthunah……..Yajurveda…36.12

  67. 67.

    आपः शन्तिः(यजुर्वेद ३६.१७)/Aapah shanthih…..Yajurveda 36.17

  68. 68.

    शं नः सिन्धवः शमु शन्तौ आपः (ऋक् ७.३५.८)/sham nah sindhavah shamu shantau aapah……….Rigveda…7.36.8

  69. 69.

    श्ं नः अहिर्बुध्नियः (ऋक् ७.३५.१३)/sham nah ahirbhudniyah……Rigveda…8.35.13

  70. 70.

    शं न: पर्जन्यः भवन्तु प्रजाभ्यः (ऋक् ७.३५.१०)/sham nah parjanyah bhavanthu prajaabhyah….Rigveda…8.35.10

  71. 71.

    यस्यां समुद्र उत सिन्धुरापॊ यस्यामन्न कृष्तयः संबभुवुः यस्यामिदं जीवन्ति प्राणदेजत् सा नॊ भूमिः पूर्वपॆये दधातु.............अथर्व वॆद कांड १२/yaasyaam samudra utha sindhuraapo yasaamanna krushthayah sambabhuvuh yaasyaamidam jeevanthi praanadejat saa no bhoomih poorvapeye dadhaathu....Atharvaveda..Kanda 12

  72. 72.

    अमृता वा आपः..............शतपत ब्राह्मण १-९-३-७/ Amruthaa va aapah........Shatapathah Brahmana...1.7.3-7

  73. 73.

    Parjanyaayapragaayatha………….Rigveda…..5.6.2

  74. 74.

    काले वर्षतु पर्जन्यः पृथिवी सस्यशालिनी /Kaale varshathu parjanah pruthivi sasyashaalini

  75. 75.

    Naarikelodakam snigdham svaadu vrishyam himam laghu trushnaapiththaanilaharam deepanam basthishodhanam…….Ashtaangahridayam…5.19

  76. 76.

    कलशम्, कलशपूजा/kalasham/kalashapoojaa

  77. 77.

    यासृष्टिस्सृष्टिराद्याः............................... अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तला/ yaasrushtissrushtiraadyaah……Abhijnyaanashakuntalaa

  78. 78.

    पूर्वमेव किल सृष्टवानापः तासु वीर्यमनिवार्यमाददौ............................शिशुपालवधम् (१४.६७)/poorvameva kila srushtavaanaapah taasu veryamanivaaryamaadadau......Shishupaalavadham..14.68

  79. 79.

    AaÉxirÉÉãSrÉå ÌuÉzÉÑήÈ.........MüÉSqoÉUÏ / Agastyoodaye vishudhdhihi……kaadambari

  80. 80.

    आकाशम्, aakaasham

  81. 81.

    वायुः, vaayuh

  82. 82.

    अग्निः, agnih

  83. 83.

    आपः, aapah

  84. 84.

    प्रुथ्वी, प्रुथिवी, pruthvi

  85. 85.

    शब्दः, shabdah

  86. 86.

    स्पर्शः, sparshah

  87. 87.

    रूपम्, roopam

  88. 88.

    रुचि/रसः, ruchih/rasah

  89. 89.

    गन्धः, gandhah

  90. 90.

    जड, प्रकृति, अचेतन/ Jada, prakruthi, achethana

  91. 91.

    जीवात्मा/Jeevaatmaa

  92. 92.

    द्रवशीतगुरुस्निग्धः मन्द्रा सान्द्र गुणॊल्बणं आप्यम् विश्यन्दक्लेदप्रह्लदबन्धक्रुत्.......अष्टाङ्गहृदयम् ९.६ drvasheetagurusnigdhah mandraa saandra gunolbanam aapyam vishyandakledaprahladabandhakruth……..Ashtaangahrudaam….9.6

  93. 93.

    Niravapanjali is a sacred ritual in Hinduism where after the cremation rites, the ashes are ceremonially immersed in holy water by the closest relatives, so that the soul may rise to heaven.

  94. 94.

    Tapas (tapas, Sanskrit: तपस्) means deep meditation, an effort to achieve self-realisation, sometimes involving solitude, hermitism or asceticism; it is derived from the root word tap (Sanskrit: तप् or ताप) which depending on the context means ‘heat’ from fire or weather, blaze, burn, shine, penance, pain, suffering or mortification.

  95. 95.

    A kingdom in ancient India, which is now in the state of Uttar Pradesh.

  96. 96.

    Aaposhanam refers to taking a sip of water in a single palm, generally right palm. The quantity of water will only be covering the palm leaving fingers.

  97. 97.

    Moksha (Sanskrit: मोक्ष moksha) or mukti (Sanskrit: मुक्ति) is liberation or release. In eschatological sense, moksha is liberation from samsara, the cycle of death and rebirth.

  98. 98.

    ब्राह्मणॊऽस्य मुखमासीत् बाहूराजन्यः कृतः ऊरूतदस्ययद्वैश्यः पद्भ्यां शूद्रॊऽजायत................. Brahmanaosya mukhamaasith baahraajanyah kuthah oorootadasya yadvaishyah padbhyaam shoodroajaayathah…Rigveda…10.8.90.12

  99. 99.

    यज्ञॊ वै श्रेष्ठतमो कर्मः.......................निरुक्तम्/yajno vai shreshtatamo karmah......Niruktham

  100. 100.

    दॆवॊ दानात्.............................निरुक्तम्/ Devo daanath....Niruktham

  101. 101.

    Naapsumootram puriisham vaa shtiivanam vaa samutsrujeth amedhyalipthamanyankaa lohitham vaa vishaani…….Manusmrithi…4.56

  102. 102.

    Na phaalakrishte na jale na chityaam na cha parvathe na jeerna devayathane na valmalike kadaachana…….Manusmrithi…4.46

  103. 103.

    Na sasathveshu gartheshu na gachchannapi cha sthithah na nadiithiiramaasaadya na cha parvatha……..Manusmrithi….4.47

  104. 104.

    Vaayvagninivipramaadithyamapah pashyamsthathaiva gaah na kadaachana kurvanthi vishanmootrasya visarjanam………..Manusmrithi….4.48

  105. 105.

    Thiraskrithyochchareth kaashtaloshtapatra trinaadinaa niyamya prathayo vaancham samvithaangovaguntithah…………….Manusmrithi….4.49

  106. 106.

    Prathyagnim prathisooryam cha prathisomodakadvijaan, prathigaam, prathivaatham cha pranchyaa nashyathi mehanah…………Manusmrithi……4.50

  107. 107.

    वापीकूपतडागॆषु देवतायतनॆषु च जीर्णान्युध्दरते यस्तु पुण्यमष्टगुणं भवॆत्.........वास्तुरत्नाकरः/vaapikoopatadaageshu devataayaaneshu cha jeernaanyudhdharathe yasthu punyamashtagunam bhaveth..........Vasturathnaakarah

  108. 108.

    वापीकूपतडागानामाराम् सूरवॆश्मतामग्र उच्छेदते निराऽशंक स विप्रो म्लेच्छ उच्यते १८३/vaapiikoopathadaagaanaamaaraam sooraveshmathaamagra uchchedathe niraashanka sa mlechcha uchyathe....................183

  109. 109.

    सुकूपानां तडागानां प्राणानां च परंतप सरसा चैव भैत्तारो नरा निरयगामिनः पद्मपुराणः १९-७-८/sakoopaanaam tadaagaanaam praanaanaam cha pramthapa sarasaa chaiva bhaiththaaro naraa nirayagaaminah......Padmapuraanah...19.7.8

  110. 110.

    न नद्यां मॆहनं कुर्यान्नपथिनच भस्मनि न गोमये न कृष्टॆनॊप्ते शाडलॊपजीव्य चायासु............वसिष्टसंहिता/na nadyaam mehanam kuryaannapathinacha bhasmaani na gomaye na krushtenopthe shaadalopajeevya chaayaasu................vasishtasamhithaa

  111. 111.

    नाप्सु मूत्रपुरीषं कुर्यात्, न निष्टीवॆत्, न वा विवसनः स्नायात्………..तैत्तरीयारण्यकः/naapsu mootrapuriisham kuryath na nishtiiveth na vaa vivasanah snaayaath.............Thaiththariiyaaranyakh

  112. 112.

    भस्मान्तं शरीरम्..........यजुर्वेदः 40.15, Bhasmaantam shareeram….Yajurveda…40.15

  113. 113.

    अक्षैर्मा दीव्यस्व कृषिमित् कृषस्व वित्ते रमस्व बहुमन्यमानः................ऋक्ü 10.34.13, krushimit krushasva akshairmaa divyasva, vitte ramasva bahumanyamaamaanah……………Rigveda 10.34.13

  114. 114.

    समानी प्रपा सहवॊन्नभागः समाने योक्त्रे सहवॊयुनज्मि सम्यञ्चॊऽग्निम् सपर्यतारा नाभिमिवाभितम्............ऋग्वॆद samaanee prapaa sahavoonnabhaagah, samaane yoktre sahavoyunajme samyanchoognim saparyataaraa naabhimivaabhitam…………Rigveda

  115. 115.

    , bidige nerige bilalaare tadige nirannu taalalaare

  116. 116.

    धनिकः श्रॊत्रियॊ राजा नदी वैद्यस्तु पञ्चमः पञ्च यत्र न विद्यते न तत्र दिवसं वसॆत्/ Dhanikah shrithriyo raaja nadii vaidyastu panchamah pancha yatra na vidyathe na thatra divasam vaseth

  117. 117.

    भूरिपुश्पविकर सतॊरणम् तॊयपूर्ण कलशॊपशॊभितं...............बृहत्सम्हिता..५३.१२५/Bhooriipushpa sathoranam thoyapoorna kalashopashobhitham………Brihatsamhitaa……….53.125

  118. 118.

    /Oorige bandavlu niirige barallava?

  119. 119.

    /manegondu mara oorigondu vana

  120. 120.

    /Kere niirige yaathakke donne nayakana appane

  121. 121.

    सौवर्णे रजते ताम्रे कांस्ये मणिमयेऽपि वा । sauvarne rajathe thaamre kaansye manimayopi vaa Pushpaavathamsam bhaume vaa sugandhi salilam pibeth…….sushrutha sutraani

  122. 122.

    Dravaanaam sarveshaam shudhdhiraaplavanam smrutham prokshanam samhithaanaam cha daaravaanaamcha takshanam…..Manusmrithi Chapter 5.11.5

  123. 123.

    Drishtipootham nyaseth paadam vastrapootham pibejjalam…..Manusmrithi

  124. 124.

    आचमनम् aachamanam

  125. 125.

    अङ्गस्पर्शम् angasparsham

  126. 126.

    जलसॆचनम् jalsechanam

  127. 127.

    अर्घ्यम् arghyam

  128. 128.

    पाद्यम् paadyam

  129. 129.

    आचमनम् , aachamanam

  130. 130.

    आसनम् aasanam

  131. 131.

    आहारम्/ahaaram

  132. 132.

    वैश्वानरः प्रविशत्यतिथि ब्राह्मणॊ गृहान्। तदृतां शान्तिं कुर्वन्ति हर वैवस्वतॊदकम्॥...क्ठॊपनिषत्...१.१.७/ Vashvanarah pravishatytithi braahmano gruhaan. Tadrutaam shaanthim kurvanthi hara vaivasvatodakam.Kathopanishad 1.1.7

  133. 133.

    प्रोक्शणम्,prokshanam

  134. 134.

    अप्सु मॆ सॊमॊऽब्रवीत्, apsu me soomoobraveet

  135. 135.

    उष्णेन उदकॆनॆहि/ushnena udakenehi

  136. 136.

    Holding water in a bowl like formation when the two palms are held together

  137. 137.

    दुष्ट संस्काराः, Dushta samskaarah

  138. 138.

    उपलक्षणम्, upalakshanam

  139. 139.

    धारा, दानम्/dharaa, daanam

  140. 140.

    तर्पणम्/tarpanam

  141. 141.

    कलशम्, कलशपूजा/Kalasham, Kalashapooja

  142. 142.

    अङ्कुरार्पणम्, अमृतस्नानम्, अवभृतस्नानम्, चक्र स्नानम्/Ankuraarpanam, Amruthasnaanam, Avabhruthasnaanam, Chakrasnaanam

  143. 143.

    प्रायश्चित्तविधि/Praayashchiththavidhi

  144. 144.

    गङ्गे यमुने चैव गॊदावरि सरस्वति नर्मदे सिन्धु कावॆरि जलेऽस्मिन् सन्निधिं कुरु/gange yamune chaiva Godavari saraswathi, narmade sindhu kaveri jalesmin sannidhim kuru……..a very popular prayer

  145. 145.

    अम्बितमे नदितमे देवितमे सरस्वति............ऋग्वेदः/Ambithame nadithame devithame saraswathi………….Rigveda

  146. 146.

    रुजीत्यॆनी ऋष्ती महित्वा परिज्रयांसि भरते रजांसि। अदब्धा सिन्धुरपसामपस्तमास्वा न चित्रा वपुशीव दर्शता॥.....ऋग्वेदः....१०.७५.७/Rujithyeni rishthi mahitvaa parijrayaamsi bharathe rajaamsi | adabdhaa sindhurapasaamapasthamaasthvaa na chitraa vapushiva darshatha||……Rigveda…10.75.7

  147. 147.

    अधि बृभुः पणीनां वर्षिष्ठे मूर्धन्नस्थात्। उरुः कक्षॊन गाङ्ग्यः॥.....ऋग्वेदः....६.४५.३१/adhi brubhuh praaninaam varshishte moordhannasyaath | uru kakshona gaangyah……….Rigveda…….6.45.31

  148. 148.

    पवनः पवतामस्मि रामः शस्त्रभृतामहम्। झुषाणां मकरश्चास्मि स्रोतसामस्मि जाह्नवी॥...भगवद्गीता...१०.३१/pavanah pavathaamasmi raamah shastrabhruthaamaham | Jhushaanaam makarashchaasmi srothasaamasmi jaahnavi………..Bhagavadgeetha………10.31

  149. 149.

    अनुशासनपर्वः/Anushaasanaparvah

  150. 150.

    तव जलममलं यॆन पिपीतं परमपदं खलु तेन गृहीतम्। मातर्गङ्गे त्वयि यो भक्तः किल तं द्रष्टुं न यम शक्तः॥/Thajjalam yena pipiitham paramapadam khalu thena gruhiitham. Maathargange tvayi yo bhakthah kila tham drashthum na yama shakthah

  151. 151.

    पूजा नाम सत्कारः.....निरुक्तम्/pooja naama satkaarah………..Niruktham

  152. 152.

    शूषेभिर्वृधो जुषाणॊ अर्कैर्दॆवा अच्छा रगु पत्वा जिगाति। मन्द्रॊ हॊता स जुह्वा यजिष्ठः संमिश्ळॊ अग्निरा जिघर्ति देवान्॥...ऋग्वेदः...१०.६.४/shushebhirvrudho jushaano arkairdevaa achchaa ragu patvaa jigaathi | mandro hothaa sa juhvaa yajishtah sammishlo agniraa jigharthi devaan………Rigveda….10.6.4

  153. 153.

    विभक्तासि चित्रभानो सिन्धॊरूर्मा उपाक आ, सद्यो दाशुषे क्षरसि ऋक् १.२७.६/vibhaktaasi chitrabhaano sindhorurma upaaka aa, sadyo daashushe ksharasi..........Rigveda...1.27.6

    नदं न भिन्नममुया शयानं मनो रुहाणा अतियन्यापः, याश्चिद्वृत्रॊ महिनापर्यतिष्ठ्त्तासामहिः पत्सुतः शीर्बभूव....ऋक् १.३२.८/nadam na bhinnamamuyaa shayaanam mano ruhaanaa athiyanthyaapah, yaashchidvrutro mahinaaparyathishtaththaasaamahih pathsuthahn shirbabhuva…….Rigveda….1.32.8

  154. 154.

    अतिष्ठन्तीनामनिवॆशनानां काष्ठानां मध्ये निहितं शरीरम्, वृत्रस्य निण्यं विचरन्त्यापॊ दीर्घं तम आशयदिंद्रशत्रुः (ऋक् १.३२.१०) athishtanthinaamaniveshanaanaam kaashtaanaam madhye nihitham shareeram vrutrasya ninyam vicharanthayaapo deergham thama aashayadindrashtruh……….Rigveda…..1.32.10

  155. 155.

    प्र वॊ मरुतस्तविषा उदन्यवॊ वयोवृधो अश्वयुजः परिज्रयः। सं विध्युता दधति वाशति त्रितः स्वरन्त्यापॊऽवना परिज्रयः॥...ऋग्वेद....५.५४.२/pra vo maruthasthavishaa udanyavo vayovrudho ashvayujah parijrayah | sam vidhyuthaa dadhathi vaashathi thrithah svaranthyaapovanaa parijrayah ||………..Rigveda….5.54.2

    उदीरयता मरुतः समुद्रतॊ यूयं वृष्ठिं वर्षयथा पुरीषिणः। न वो दस्रा उपदस्यन्ति धेनवः शम्भुं यतामनुरथा अवृत्सत॥....ऋग्वॆदः..५.५५.५/ udirayathaa maruthah samudratho yuyam vrushtim varshayathaa purishinah | na vo dasraa upadasyanthi dhenavah shambhu yathaamanurathaa………….. Rigveda….5.55.5

  156. 156.

    प्र वॊ मरुतस्तविषा उदन्यवॊ वयॊवृधॊः अश्वयुजः परिज्रयः, सं विद्युता दधति वाशति त्रितः स्वरंत्यापॊऽवना परिज्रयः...ऋक्..१.५४.२/ pra vo maruthasthavishaa udanyavo vayovrudhi ashvayujah parijrayah sam vidyuthaa dadhathi vaashathi thrithah svaranthyaapoovanaa.......Rigveda...1.54.2

    उदीरयथा मरुतः समुद्रतो यूयं वृष्टिं वर्षयथा पुरीषिणः,न् वॊ दस्रा उप दस्यन्ति धॆनवः शुभं यातामनुरथा अवृत्सत.............ऋक् ५.५५.५/udiirayatha maruthah samdratho yuyam vrushtim varshayathaa puriishinah, na vo dasraa upa dasyanthidhanevah shambhum yaathaamanuratha

  157. 157.

    प्र प्रवर्तस्य वृष्भस्य पॄष्ठान्नावश्चरन्ति स्वसिच इयानाःताऽआवृत्रन्नधरागुदक्ताऽअहिं बुध्यमनुरीयमाणाः विश्णोर्विक्रमणसि विष्णॊर्विक्रान्तमसि विष्णॊः क्रान्तमसि....यजुर्वॆदः.....१०.१९/pra pravarthasya vrishabhasya prushtaannaavashcharanthi svasicha iyaanaah thaavruthrannadharaagudakthaahim budhyamanuriyamaanaah vishnorvikramanasi vishnorvikranthamasi vishnoh kraanthamasi.....Yajurveda...10.19

  158. 158.

    समन्या यन्त्युपयन्त्यानयाः समानमूर्वन्नद्यस्प्रृणन्ति। तमू शुचिङ् शुचयॊ दीदिवाङ्समपान्नपातमुपयन्त्यापः॥....सामवॆदः..६०७/samanyaa yanthyupayanthyaanayaah samaanamurvannadyasprunanthi | tamu shichin shuchayo didivaanjsamapaanapaathamupayanyaapah.............Saamaveda.....608

  159. 159.

    दन्धैमनैषु चरचैषु गोधूंभूतस्त्वभः नष्क्रमन्ती या या ऊर्ध्वा मस्त्रैनैरित वै तस्तस्त्वभम्यग्निवायुच. अतॊ धूमाग्निवतनं संयॊगस्त्वमुच्यते वारीणि वर्षतीत्यभ्रंभरस्येषः सहस्त्रादिक्..........लिङ्ग पुराणम् १.३६/dandhaimanaishu charachaishu godhubhuthasthvabah nashkramanthi yaa yaa urdhvaa mastrainairitha vai thasthasthvabhamyagnivaayucha atho dhoomaagnivathanam samyogasthvamuchyate vaarni varshathityahrambharasyesha sahastraadik…..Linga Puranam…1.36

  160. 160.

    आदित्यपतीतम् सूर्यगणेह सॊमं सन्क्रमतै जलम्, नदीभिर्वायुयुक्ताभिर्लोकधनं प्रवर्तितै, य्त्सोमत्स्त्रवतै सूर्य तद्भैष्ववतीष्टतै मॆघ वायूनिघतै विस्रजन्त जलं भुवि, ऎवमुतिक्शप्यतै चैव पततै चंपुनर्जलम् ना नश्मूदकस्यस्ति तदेव परिवर्ततै/Aadityapatitham suryaganeha somam sakramatai jalam nadibhirvaayuyukthaabhirlokadhanam pravarthitai, yathsomasthsthraivathai surya thadbhaishvavathishtathai meghaa vaayunighatai visrajantha jalam bhuvi evamathikshapyathai chaiva pathathai champunarjalam naa nashmoodakkasyasthi thadeva parivarthatha

  161. 161.

    The historical records and archaeological findings indicate that rain gauges were installed for the first time in India.

  162. 162.

    द्रॊणाष्टांशाम्यधिके वृष्ठॊगर्भत्रुतॊ भवति २ / Dronaashtaamshaamyadhike vrustogarbhathrutho bhavathi 2 Kautilya

  163. 163.

    10

  164. 164.

    Varāhamihira (505–587 CE), also called Varaha or Mihir, was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer who lived in Ujjain. He was born in Avanti region, roughly corresponding to modern-day Malwa to Adityadasa, who was himself an astronomer. According to one of his own works, he was educated at Kapitthaka [1]. He was considered as one of the nine jewels (Navaratnas) in the court of legendary ruler Yashodharman Vikramaditya of Malwa.

  165. 165.

    धर्म्यं यशस्यं च वदाभ्यतॊऽहं दकर्गलं यॆन जलॊपलब्धिः, पुं सां यथाङ्गेषु शिरास्तथैव क्षितावपि प्रॊन्नतनिम्नसंस्थाः ऎकॆन वर्गॆन रसॆन चाम्भ्यश्च्युतं नभस्तॊ वसुधाविशॆषात् नानारसत्वं बहुवर्णातां च गतं परॊक्ष्यं क्षितितुल्यमॆव......बृहत्संहिता ५४.१/२/ Dharmyam yashasyam cha vadaabhyathoham dakargalam yena jalopalabhdhih pum saam yathaangeshu shirasthathaiva kshithaavapi pronnathanimnasamsthaah ekena vargena rasena chaambyashchutham nabhasto vasudhaavisheshaath naanaarasathvam bahuvarnaathaam cha gatham parokshyam kshithithulyameva………Brihathsamhitha….54.1/2

  166. 166.

    Water tracking or water finding discovering the presence of underground water, जलशॊधनम्/Jalashodhanam

  167. 167.

    पुंसां यथाङ्गेषु शिरास्तथैव क्षितावपि प्रॊन्नतनिम्नसम्स्थाः| ऎकेन वर्णेन रसेन चाम्भश्च्युतं नभस्तॊ वसुधाविशेषात्, नानारसत्वं बहुवरणतां च गतम्||......................बृहत्संहिता.५४.१२/ pumsaam yathaangeshu shirasthathaiva kshithaavapi pronnathanimnasamsthah | Ekena varnena rasena chaambashchyutham nabhasto vasudhaavisheshaath naanaarasathvam bahuvaranathaam cha gatham……. Brihathsamhithaa …54.12

  168. 168.

    जम्बू/ Nerale in Kannada/Jamun in English

  169. 169.

    जम्बू वृक्षस्य प्राग्वलीको यदि भवॆत् समीपस्थः| तस्मात् दक्षिण पार्ष्वे सलिलं पुरुषद्वये स्यात्॥........बृहत् संहिता ५४.९/jambu vrikshasya praagvaliko yadi bhaveth samipasthah | Thasmaath dakshina paarshve salilam purushadvaye syaath…… Brihathsamhithaa…54.1

  170. 170.

    पश्चादुदुम्बरस्य त्रिभिरॆव करैर्नरद्वयॆसार्धे। पुरुषे सितॊऽहिरष्मान्जनॊपमॊऽधः शिरासुजला॥............बृहत्संहिता..५४.११/pashchaadudumbarasya tribhireva karairdvayesaardhe | purushe sitohirashmaanjanopamodhah…….. Brihathsamhithaa…54.11

  171. 171.

    निर्गुण्डि……..Nirgundi

  172. 172.

    व्ल्मीकॊपचितायां निर्गुण्ड्यां दक्शिणॆन कथित करैः पुरुषद्वयॆ सपादे स्वादु जलं भवति चाशॊष्यं...................बृहत्संहिता....५४.१४/valmikopachitaayaam nirgundyam dakshinena kathitha karaih prurushadvaye sapaade svaadu jalam bhavathi……. Brihathsamhithaa…54.14

  173. 173.

    बिल्व/bilva

  174. 174.

    उदुम्बरा/udumbara

  175. 175.

    बिल्वॊदुम्बर यॊगे विहायहस्तत्रयन्तु याम्यॆन पुरषैस्त्रिभिरम्बु भवेत्........बृहत्संहिता....५४.१८/bilvodumbara yoge vihayastatrayantu yaamyena purushaisthribhirambu bhaveth…….. Brihathsamhithaa…54.18

  176. 176.

    वल्मीक संवृत्तॊ यदि तालॊ वा भवति नारिकॆला वा। पश्चात् षड्भिर्हस्तैर्नरैचतुर्भिः शिरा याम्या......बृहत्संहिता...५४.४०/valmika samvriththo yadi taalo vaa bhavathi naarikelaa vaa | pashchaath shadbhirhasthairnaraichaturbhih…….. Brihathsamhithaa…54.40

  177. 177.

    कन्टक्यकण्टकानां व्यत्यासॆम्भः त्रिभिः करैः पश्चात् खात्वा पुरुषत्रितयं.......५४.५३/kantakyakantakaanaam vyathyaasembhah thribhih karaih pashchaath khaathvaa purushathritayam….. Brihathsamhithaa…54.43

  178. 178.

    प्रार्थन वै सन्कल्पः.......................निरुक्तम्/praarthana vai sankalpah….Niruktham

  179. 179.

    (Kapali), (kapale), (kapile), (kavile), (kavule) in Kannada, a vernacular language.

  180. 180.

    Shilpashastra or engineering includes many articles (things), machines, innovations, metals and artificial means.

  181. 181.

    Shilpashastra literature compiled by Sri G. G. Joshi, Nagpur, works of late K. V. Vaze who has deciphered and translated many ancient Sanskrit texts of shilpasamhitaa.

  182. 182.

    वॆतस वॆत, शिशंपा शिशव/vethasa vetha, shishampaa shishava

  183. 183.

    कुंड, वॆशन्त, पलवल, हौद, कासर, तडाग, सार, महासार, समुद्रा, सागर/Kunda, Veshantha, Palavala, Hauda, Kaasara, Tadaaga, Saara, Mahaasaara, Samudraa, Saagara

  184. 184.

    Yantras or Mechanical Contrivances in Ancient India, Raghavan V, 1952, Indian Institute of Culture, Basavangudi, Bengaluru

  185. 185.

    copyright Centre for Science and Environment or CSE

  186. 186.

    नवरङ्गशाला, navarangashala

  187. 187.

    पाकशाला, paakashala

  188. 188.

    भॊजनशाला, bhojanashala

  189. 189.

    अश्वशाला, गजशाला, ashwashaala, gajashaala

  190. 190.

    कल्याणि, सरॊवर, पुष्करिणी, kalyaani, sarovara, pushkarini

  191. 191.

    samaaniiprapaa sahavonnabhagah sammane yoktre sahavoyunajmi samyanchognim saparyathaaraa naabhimivaabhitham.....Atharvaveda...3.30.6

  192. 192.

    वि त्वदापॊ न पर्वतस्य पृष्ठादुक्थेभिरिन्द्रानयन्त यज्ञैः। तं त्वाभिः सुष्टुतिभिर्वाजयन्त आजिं न जग्मुर्गिर्वाहॊ अश्वाः....ऋग्वॆदः....६.२४.६/vi thvadaapo na parvatasya pushtaadukthoobhirindraanayantha yajnau | Tham thvaabhih sushtuthibhirvaajayantha aajim na jagmurgirvaaho ashvaah…..Rigveda…..6.24.6

  193. 193.

    आदॊ यदवदावत्यवत्कमधि पर्वतात्। तत्ते कृणॊमि भेषजं सुभॆषजं यथाससि॥.....आथर्वणवॆदः.....२.३.१/aado yadavadaavatyavathkamadhi parvataath | Thaththe krunomi bheshajam subheshajam yathaasasi…..Atharvaveda……2.3.1

  194. 194.

    shukraniithi 4.363

  195. 195.

    शुक्रनीति ४ २२४/shukraniithi 4.224

  196. 196.

    शुक्रनीति ४ २३२,२३३/shukraniithi 4.232 & 233

  197. 197.

    शुक्रनीति ४ २३२/shukraniithi 4.232

  198. 198.

    Vastushastra is the name given to the discipline known as architectural science in modern times.

  199. 199.

    दॆवॊ दानात् ……….. निरक्तम् , Devoo daanaath…..Niruktham

  200. 200.

    देवऋणम्...............Deva rinam

References

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Acknowledgements

Amarakosha, twelve.vaarivarga.259,260,261 (published by Prasaaranga Mysore university Mysore, Edited by Louis Rice)

Kittel, Rev F, Kannada English dictionary (Asian Educational Services, New Delhi)

Edited by Baale, Chandrashekara , (Krushi Bharath), Kannada Monthly

All India Chinmaya Yuva Kendra, August 2003, Awakening Indians about India

Bhat, Dr K Narayana, 1998, Yaskapranitam Niruktham

Chaturvedi, Sudhakara, 2003, Arya Samaj, Bengaluru, Vedokta Jeevana Patha

Ramaswamy Vanitha, 1993, Shree Prakashana, Prachina Vanijya Charitham

Danino Michel, 2009, Landmarks of Science in early India

National Institute of Hydrology, 1990, Dehradun, Hydrology in Ancient India

Navaratna, Shesha, 1994, Samaja Pustakalaya, Dharawad, Manusmrithi

Raghavan V, 1952, Indian Institute of Culture, Bengaluru, Yantras or Mechanical Contrivances in Ancient India

Ramakrishna Math, 1993, Bengaluru, Saswara Rigveda & Taittareya Samhitaa

Vedabhashya Prakashana Samithi, 2001, Arya Samaja, Bengaluru, Saama Veda Samhitaa,

Shastry, GVV, 2011 February, Prakruthi Prathisthana, Tumkur, ? (Rogada Bhayaveke)

Somayaji. CS, 2011 Ayurveda Academy, Aushdham Jahnavi Toyam

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Independent Sanskrit scholar, Bengaluru, India

    Sudhakara Sharma

  2. Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bengaluru, India

    M. S. Shruthi (Research Assistant)

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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Policy and Impact, Asia Regional Program, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

    K. V. Raju

  2. Centre for Research in Urban Affairs, Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

    S. Manasi

Appendix

Appendix

S N

Subject

Popular texts

1

Medicine/Ayurveda

1. Ashtaanga hrudaya (अष्टाङ्गहृदयम्)

2. Astanga sangraha of Vaagbhata,

3. Charaka samhita(चरखसंहिता) of Charakhaachaarya,

4. Sushrutha Samhitha(सुश्रुतसंहिता) of Sushrutha and

5. Vrukshaayurveda of Surapala

2

Prosody/Chandas

1. Pingala’s Chadashshastra

3

Thesaurus/Nighantu

1. Nirukta (निरुक्तम्) of Yaaskacharya

2. Amarakosha (अमरकोशः) of Amarasimha

4

Upanishads

There are more than 100 Upanishads found but mostly 10 are considered which are

1. Esha (ईश)

2. Kena (कॆन)

3. Katha (कठ)

4. Munda (मुण्ड)

5. Mandukya (माण्डुक्य)

6. Prashna (प्रश्न)

7. Taittariya (तैत्तरीय)

8. Aithareya (ऐतरॆय)

9. Chandogya (छान्दॊग्यम्)

10. Bruharaaranyaka (बृहदारण्यकम्)

5

Grammar/Vyakaranam

1. Ashtadyaayi (अष्टाध्यायी) of Paanini

2. Varthika (वार्तिका) of Katyaayana or Vararuchi

3. Mahabhaasya (महाभाष्यम्) of Patanjali

6

Political economy/Arthashastram

1. Arthashastra (अर्थशास्त्रम्) of Kautilya

2. Shukraniti

3. Naradaniti

4. Viduraniti

7

Engineering/Shilpashastram

1. Samaraanganasutradhaaraa (समराङ्गणसूत्रधारा) of Bhoja

8

Architecture/Vaastushastram

1. Matangavaastu

2. Maya samhitaa

3. Vaasthuratnaakara

9

Law/Dharmashastram

1. Manusmrithi(मनुस्मृति) of Manu

2. Naradasmriti

3. Parashara Smrithi

10

Chemistry/Rasashastram

1. Rasahrdayatantra by Govind Bhagwatpad

2. Srasaratnakara by Siddha Nityanatha

3. Rasarnava by an unknown author

4. Srasendracudamani by Somadeva

5. Rasaratnasamuccaya by Vagbhatta

6. Rasaprakasasudhakara by Yasodhara

7. Rasarajalaksmi by Ramesvara Bhatta

8. Rasendracintamani by Dhundukanatha

9. Rasendracintamani by Ramacandra Guha

10. Rasasara by Govind Acarya

11. Rasakaumudi by Sarvajnacandra

12. Rasabhesajakalpa by Surya Pandita

13. Rasasamketakalika by Camunda

14. Lohapaddhati by Suresvara

15. Kankaligrantha by Nasirshah

16. Rasamuktavalina by Devanatha

11

Literature/Sahitya

1. Raghuvamsham(रघुवंशम्) &

2. Kumarasambhavam(कुमारसंभवम्) of Kalidasa

3. Kirataarjuniyam(किरातार्जुनीयम्) of Bharavi

4. Shishupaalavadham(शिशुपालवधम्) of Magha

5. Naishadheeyacharitham(नैशधीयचरितम्) of Sriharsha

These are called the 5 ‘Mahakaavyas’ or the greatest among the available ample literary works. The other prominent poets are Bhasa, Bana, Bhavabhuthi, Dandi, Shudraka, Bhatti, Vishaakhadutta, Bhartruhari, etc.

12

Epics/Akhyayika

1. Srimadraamaayanam (श्रीमद्रामायणम्) by Maharshi Valmiki

2. Srimanmahabharatham (श्रीमन्महाभारतम्) by Bhagawan Vyasa

3. Astaadashapuraanaani (अष्टादशपुअराणानि) by Bhagawan Vyasa

13

Astronomy/Jyoutisham

1. Bruhatsamhitha (बृहत्संहिता) of Varaahamihira

2. Aryabhateeyam

3. Surya Sidhdhanta

4. Lilavathi

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Sharma, S., Shruthi, M.S. (2017). Water in Hindu Scriptures: Thank You, Water!. In: Raju, K., Manasi, S. (eds) Water and Scriptures. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50562-6_4

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