Abstract
This chapter will review the current state of knowledge on the effects of physical and mental (cognitive) training on hippocampal structure and function. We will primarily focus on normal aging and patient populations, though some relevant examples with young adults will also be described. Where possible, we will briefly review relevant research with animal models, in order to discuss potential mechanisms for beneficial effects of physical activity and cognitive training on hippocampal health.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anderson-Hanley C, Arciero P, Brickman A, Nimon J, Okuma N, Westen S et al (2012) Exergaming and older adult cognition: A cluster randomized clinical trial. Am J Prev Med 42(2):109–119. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.10.016
Andrews-Hanna J, Snyder A, Vincent J, Lustig C, Head D, Raichle M, Buckner R (2007) Disruption of large-scale brain systems in advanced aging. Neuron 56(5):924–935. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.038
Assaf Y, Pasternak O (2008) Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based white matter mapping in brain research: a review. J Mol Neurosci 34(1):51–61. doi:10.1007/s12031-007-0029-0
Ballesteros S, Kraft E, Santana S, Tziraki C (2015) Maintaining older brain functionality: a targeted review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 55:453–477. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.008
Baltes P, Freund A, Li S-C (eds) (2005) The psychological science of human ageing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Bamidis P, Vivas A, Styliadis C, Frantzidis C, Klados M, Schlee W et al (2014) A review of physical and cognitive interventions in aging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 44:206–220. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.019
Barnes D, Yaffe K (2011) The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence. Lancet Neurol 10(9):819–828. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70072-2
Basak C, Boot W, Voss M, Kramer A (2008) Can training in a real-time strategy video game attenuate cognitive decline in older adults? Psychol Aging 23(4):765–777. doi:10.1037/a0013494
Belleville S, Gilbert B, Fontaine F, Gagnon L, Ménard E, Gauthier S (2006) Improvement of episodic memory in persons with mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults: evidence from a cognitive intervention program. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 22(5-6):486–499 Retrieved from http://www.karger.com/DOI/10.1159/000096316
Belleville S, Clement F, Mellah S, Gilbert B, Fontaine F, Gauthier S (2011) Training-related brain plasticity in subjects at risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Brain 134(Pt 6):1623–1634. doi:10.1093/brain/awr037
Benedict C, Brooks S, Kullberg J, Nordenskjöld R, Burgos J, Le Grevès M et al (2012) Association between physical activity and brain health in older adults. Neurobiol Aging 34:83–90. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.04.013
Bookstein F (2001) “Voxel-based morphometry” should not be used with imperfectly registered images. NeuroImage 14(6):1454–1462. doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0770
Boot W, Basak C, Erickson K, Neider M, Simons D, Fabiani M et al (2010) Transfer of skill engendered by complex task training under conditions of variable priority. Acta Psychol 135(3):349–357. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.09.005
Boot W, Simons D, Stothart C, Stutts C (2013) The pervasive problem with placebos in psychology: why active control groups are not sufficient to rule out placebo effects. Perspect Psychol Sci 8(4):445–454. doi:10.1177/1745691613491271
Boyke J, Driemeyer J, Gaser C, Büchel C, May A (2008) Training-induced brain structure changes in the elderly. J Neurosci 28(28):7031–7035. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0742-08.2008
Brookmeyer R, Evans D, Hebert L, Langa K, Heeringa S, Plassman B, Kukull W (2011) National estimates of the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in the United States. Alzheimers Dement 7(1):61–73. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2010.11.007
Buckner R, Andrews-Hanna J, Schacter D (2008) The brain’s default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1124(1):1–38. doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011
Burdette J, Laurienti P, Espeland M, Morgan A, Telesford Q, Vechlekar C et al (2010) Using network science to evaluate exercise-associated brain changes in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2(June):23–23. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2010.00023
Carlson M, Saczynski J, Rebok G, Seeman T, Glass T, McGill S et al (2008) Exploring the effects of an “everyday” activity program on executive function and memory in older adults: experience corps. The Gerontologist 48(6):793–801. doi:10.1093/geront/48.6.793
Carlson M, Erickson K, Kramer A, Voss M, Bolea N, Mielke M et al (2009) Evidence for neurocognitive plasticity in at-risk older adults: the experience corps program. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci 64A(12):1275–1282. doi:10.1093/gerona/glp117
Carlson M, Kuo J, Chuang Y, Varma V, Harris G, Albert M et al (2015) Impact of the baltimore experience corps trial on cortical and hippocampal volumes. Alzheimers Dement:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.12.005
Chaddock L, Erickson K, Prakash R, Kim J, Voss M, Vanpatter M et al (2010) A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children. Brain Res 1358:172–183. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.049
Colcombe S, Kramer A (2003) Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psycholog Sci 14(2):125–130 Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12661673 http://pss.sagepub.com/content/14/2/125.full.pdf
Colcombe S, Erickson K, Scalf P, Kim J, Prakash R, McAuley E et al (2006) Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 61(11):1166–1170. doi:10.1093/gerona/61.11.1166
Creer D, Romberg C, Saksida L, van Praag H, Bussey T (2010) Running enhances spatial pattern separation in mice. PNAS 107(5):2367–2372. doi:10.1073/pnas.0911725107
Dahlin E, Neely A, Larsson A, Backman L, Nyberg L (2008) Transfer of learning after updating training mediated by the striatum. Science 320(5882):1510–1512. doi:10.1126/science.1155466
Dahlin E, Backman L, Neely A, Nyberg L (2009) Training of the executive component of working memory: subcortical areas mediate transfer effects. Restor Neurol Neurosci 27(5):405–419. doi:10.3233/RNN-2009-0492
Damoiseaux J, Beckmann C, Arigita E, Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Stam C et al (2008) Reduced resting-state brain activity in the “default network” in normal aging. Cereb Cortex 18(8):1856–1864. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm207
Davatzikos C (2004) Why voxel-based morphometric analysis should be used with great caution when characterizing group differences. NeuroImage 23(1):17–20. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.05.010
Dhami P, Moreno S, DeSouza J (2015) New framework for rehabilitation – fusion of cognitive and physical rehabilitation: the hope for dancing. Front Psychol 5(January):1–15. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01478
Doyon J, Bellec P, Amsel R, Penhune V, Monchi O, Carrier J et al (2009) Contributions of the basal ganglia and functionally related brain structures to motor learning. Behav Brain Res 199(1):61–75. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.11.012
Draganski B, Gaser C, Busch V, Schuierer G, Bogdahn U, May A (2004) Changes in grey matter induced by training newly honed juggling skills show up as a transient feature on a brain-imaging scan. Nature 427:311–312. doi:10.1038/427311a
Draganski B, Gaser C, Kempermann G, Kuhn H, Winkler J, Büchel C, May A (2006) Temporal and spatial dynamics of brain structure changes during extensive learning. J Neurosci 26(23):6314–6317. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4628-05.2006
Eichenbaum H (2004) Hippocampus: cognitive processes and neural representations that underlie declarative memory. Neuron 44(1):109–120. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.028
Engvig A, Fjell A, Westlye L, Skaane N, Sundseth Ø, Walhovd K (2012) Hippocampal subfield volumes correlate with memory training benefit in subjective memory impairment. NeuroImage 61(1):188–194. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.072
Engvig A, Fjell A, Westlye L, Skaane N, Dale A, Holland D et al (2014) Effects of cognitive training on gray matter volumes in memory clinic patients with subjective memory impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 41(3):779–791. doi:10.3233/JAD-131889
Erickson K, Prakash R, Voss M, Chaddock L, Hu L, Morris K et al (2009) Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans. Hippocampus 19(10):1030–1039. doi:10.1002/hipo.20547
Erickson K, Voss M, Prakash R, Basak C, Szabo A, Chaddock L et al (2011) Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(7):3017–3022. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015950108
Erickson K, Leckie R, Weinstein A (2014) Physical activity, fitness, and gray matter volume. Neurobiol Aging 35(Suppl 2):S20–S28. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.034
Fabel K, Fabel K, Tam B, Kaufer D, Baiker A, Simmons N et al (2003) VEGF is necessary for exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 18(10):2803–2812. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.03041.x
Ferris L, Williams J, Shen C (2007) The effect of acute exercise on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and cognitive function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39(4):728–734. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31802f04c7
Fissler P, Kuster O, Schlee W, Kolassa I (2013) Novelty interventions to enhance broad cognitive abilities and prevent dementia: synergistic approaches for the facilitation of positive plastic change. Prog Brain Res 207:403–434
Fox M, Snyder A, Vincent J, Corbetta M, Essen D, Raichle M (2005) The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:9673–9678
Green C, Bavelier D (2003) Action video game modi es visual selective attention. Nature 423(May):3–6
Hampstead B, Stringer A, Stilla R, Deshpande G, Hu X, Moore A, Sathian K (2011) Activation and effective connectivity changes following explicit-memory training for face-name pairs in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a pilot study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 25(3):210–222. doi:10.1177/1545968310382424
Hampstead B, Stringer A, Stilla R, Giddens M, Sathian K (2012) Mnemonic strategy training partially restores hippocampal activity in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Hippocampus 22(8):1652–1658. doi:10.1002/hipo.22006
Hedden T, Schultz A, Rieckmann A, Mormino E, Johnson K, Sperling R, Buckner R (2014) Multiple brain markers are linked to age-related variation in cognition. Cereb Cortex:1–13. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu238
Herting M, Nagel B (2012) Aerobic fitness relates to learning on a virtual Morris Water Task and hippocampal volume in adolescents. Behav Brain Res 233(2):517–525. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.05.012
Hertzog C, Kramer A, Wilson R, Lindenberger U (2009) Enrichment effects on adult cognitive development can the functional capacity of older adults be preserved and enhanced? Psychol Sci Public Interest 9(1):1–65. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01034.x
Hurd M, Martorell P, Delavande A, Mullen K, Langa K (2013) Monetary costs of dementia in the United States. N Engl J Med 368(14):1326–1334. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1204629
Jack CJ, Knopman D, Jagust W, Petersen R, Weiner M, Aisen P et al (2013) Tracking pathophysiological processes in Alzheimer’s disease: an updated hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers. Lancet Neurol 12(2):207–216. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70291-0
Jessen F, Wiese B, Bachmann C, Eifflaender-Gorfer S, Haller F, Kolsch H et al (2010) Prediction of dementia by subjective memory impairment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67(4):414–422 Retrieved from http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/data/Journals/PSYCH/5293/yoa90083_414_422.pdf
Kelly C, Foxe J, Garavan H (2006) Patterns of normal human brain plasticity after practice and their implications for neurorehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87(Suppl. 12):S20–S29. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2006.08.333
Kempermann G, Brandon E, Gage F (1998) Environmental stimulation of 129/SvJ mice causes increased cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. Curr Biol 8(16):939–944. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(07)00377-6
Kempermann G, Gast D, Gage F (2002) Neuroplasticity in old age: sustained fivefold induction of hippocampal neurogenesis by long-term environmental enrichment. Ann Neurol 52(2):135–143. doi:10.1002/ana.10262
Kennedy K, Erickson K, Rodrigue K, Voss M, Colcombe S, Kramer A et al (2009) Age-related differences in regional brain volumes: a comparison of optimized voxel-based morphometry to manual volumetry. Neurobiol Aging 30(10):1657–1676. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.12.020
Kirchhoff B, Anderson B, Smith S, Barch D, Jacoby L (2012) Cognitive training-related changes in hippocampal activity associated with recollection in older adults. NeuroImage 62(3):1956–1964. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.017
Knaepen K, Goekint M, Heyman E, Meeusen R (2010) Neuroplasticity – exercise-induced response of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a systematic review of experimental studies in human subjects. Sports Med 40(9):765–801. doi:10.2165/11534530-000000000-00000
Konishi K, Bohbot V (2013) Spatial navigational strategies correlate with gray matter in the hippocampus of healthy older adults tested in a virtual maze. Front Aging Neurosci 5(February):1–8. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2013.00001
Konkel A, Warren D, Duff M, Tranel D, Cohen N (2008) Hippocampal amnesia impairs all manner of relational memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2:15. doi:10.3389/neuro.09.015.2008
Kramer A, Larish J, Strayer D (1995) Training for attentional control in dual task settings: a comparison of young and old adults. J Exp Psychol Appl 1(1):50–76. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.1.1.50
Kramer A, Hahn S, Cohen N, Banich M, McAuley E, Harrison C et al (1999a) Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function. Nature. 400(6743):418–419 Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v400/n6743/abs/400418a0.html
Kramer A, Larish J, Weber T, Bardell L (eds) (1999b) Training for executive control: task coordination strategies and aging. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Kronenberg G, Reuter K, Steiner B, Brandt M, Jessberger S, Yamaguchi M, Kempermann G (2003) Subpopulations of proliferating cells of the adult hippocampus respond differently to physiologic neurogenic stimuli. J Comp Neurol 467(4):455–463. doi:10.1002/cne.10945
Kühn S, Gleich T, Lorenz R, Lindenberger U, Gallinat J (2014) Playing Super Mario induces structural brain plasticity: gray matter changes resulting from training with a commercial video game. Mol Psychiatry 19(2):265–271. doi:10.1038/mp.2013.120
Lampit A, Hallock H, Moss R, Kwok S, Rosser M, Lukjanenko M et al (2014) The timecourse of global cognitive gains from supervised computer-assisted cognitive training: a randomised, active-controlled trial in elderly with multiple dementia risk factors. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 1(1):33–39
Lampit A, Hallock H, Suo C, Naismith S, Valenzuela M (2015) Cognitive training-induced short-term functional and long-term structural plastic change is related to gains in global cognition in healthy older adults: a pilot study. Front Aging Neurosci 7(14):1–13. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00014
Langer N, von Bastian C, Wirz H, Oberauer K, Jäncke L (2013) The effects of working memory training on functional brain network efficiency. Cortex 49(9):2424–2438. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.01.008
Lerner R (1984). The life-span view of human development: philisophical, historical, and substantive bases. In: On the nautre of human plasticity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 22–31
Li R, Zhu X, Yin S, Niu Y, Zheng Z, Huang X et al (2014) Multimodal intervention in older adults improves resting-state functional connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex and medial temporal lobe. Front Aging Neurosci 6(39):1–13. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00039
Lindenberger U (2014) Human cognitive aging: corriger la fortune? Science 346(6209):572–578. doi:10.1126/science.1254403
Liu-Ambrose T, Nagamatsu L, Voss M, Khan K, Handy T (2012) Resistance training and functional plasticity of the aging brain: a 12-month randomized controlled trial. Neurobiol Aging 33(8):1690–1698. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.05.010
López-Otín C, Blasco M, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G (2013) The hallmarks of aging. Cell 153(June):1194–1217. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039
Lövdén M, Backman L, Lindenberger U, Schaefer S, Schmiedek F (2010) A theoretical framework for the study of adult cognitive plasticity. Psychol Bull 136(4):659–676. doi:10.1037/a0020080
Lövdén M, Schaefer S, Noack H, Bodammer N, Kuhn S, Heinze H et al (2012) Spatial navigation training protects the hippocampus against age-related changes during early and late adulthood. Neurobiol Aging 33(3):620.e9–620.e22. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.02.013
Lustig C, Shah P, Seidler R, Reuter-Lorenz P (2009) Aging, training, and the brain: a review and future directions. Neuropsychol Rev 19(4):504–522. doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9119-9
Maass A, Duzel S, Goerke M, Becke A, Sobieray U, Neumann K et al (2014) Vascular hippocampal plasticity after aerobic exercise in older adults. Mol Psychiatry. doi:10.1038/mp.2014.114
Mahncke H, Connor B, Appelman J, Ahsanuddin O, Hardy J, Wood R et al (2006) Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticity-based training program: a randomized, controlled study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(33):12523–12528. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605194103
Makizako H, Liu-Ambrose T, Shimada H, Doi T, Park H, Tsutsumimoto K et al (2014) Moderate-intensity physical activity, hippocampal volume, and memory in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci:1–7. doi:10.1093/gerona/glu136
Malchow B, Keeser D, Keller K, Hasan A, Rauchmann B, Kimura H et al (2015) Effects of endurance training on brain structures in chronic schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Schizophr Res. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.005
Mishra J, Gazzaley A (2015) Cross-species approaches to cognitive neuroplasticity research. NeuroImage. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.002
Morey R, Petty C, Xu Y, Pannu Hayes J, Wagner H, Lewis D et al (2009) A comparison of automated segmentation and manual tracing for quantifying hippocampal and amygdala volumes. NeuroImage 45(3):855–866. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.12.033
Mulder E, de Jong R, Knol D, van Schijndel R, Cover K, Visser P et al (2014) Hippocampal volume change measurement: quantitative assessment of the reproducibility of expert manual outlining and the automated methods FreeSurfer and FIRST. NeuroImage 92:169–181. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.01.058
Nagamatsu L, Handy T, Hsu C, Voss M, Liu-Ambrose T (2012) Resistance training promotes cognitive and functional brain plasticity in seniors with probable mild cognitive impairment. Arch Intern Med 172:666–668. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.379
Neeper S, Gómez-Pinilla F, Choi J, Cotman C (1996) Physical activity increases mRNA for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in rat brain. Brain Res 726(1–2):49–56 Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8836544
Niemann C, Godde B, Voelcker-Rehage C (2014) Not only cardiovascular, but also coordinative exercise increases hippocampal volume in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 6:1–12. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00170
Nishijima T, Kawakami M, Kita I (2015) A bout of treadmill exercise increases matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity in the rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 594:144–149. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2015.03.063
Noack H, Lövdén M, Schmiedek F (2014) On the validity and generality of transfer effects in cognitive training research. Psychol Res 78(6):773–789. doi:10.1007/s00426-014-0564-6
Norton S, Matthews F, Barnes D, Yaffe K, Brayne C (2014) Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: an analysis of population-based data. Lancet Neurol 13(8):788–794. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70136-X
Nyberg L, Lövdén M, Riklund K, Lindenberger U, Bäckman L (2012) Memory aging and brain maintenance. Trends Cogn Sci 16(5):292–305. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.04.005
Opendak M, Gould E (2015) Adult neurogenesis: a substrate for experience-dependent change. Trends Cogn Sci 19(3):151–161. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.01.001
Pajonk F, Wobrock T, Gruber O, Scherk H, Berner D, Kaizl I et al (2010) Hippocampal plasticity in response to exercise in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67(2):133–143. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.193
Park D, Reuter-Lorenz P (2009) The adaptive brain: aging and neurocognitive scaffolding. Annu Rev Psychol 60:173–196. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093656
Pereira A, Huddleston D, Brickman A, Sosunov A, Hen R, McKhann G et al (2007) An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(13):5638–5643. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611721104
Perkins DN, Salomon G (1992) Transfer of learning. Int enc educ 2:6452–6457
Persson J, Pudas S, Lind J, Kauppi K, Nilsson L, Nyberg L (2012) Longitudinal structure-function correlates in elderly reveal MTL dysfunction with cognitive decline. Cereb Cortex 22(10):2297–2304. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr306
Poldrack R (2000) Imaging brain plasticity: conceptual and methodological issues—a theoretical review. NeuroImage 12:1–13. doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0596
Poldrack R (2015) Is “efficiency” a useful concept in cognitive neuroscience? Dev Cogn Neurosci 11:12–17. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.06.001
Rasmussen P, Brassard P, Adser H, Pedersen M, Leick L, Hart E et al (2009) Evidence for a release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from the brain during exercise. Exp Physiol 94(10):1062–1069. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2009.048512
Raz N, Lindenberger U (2013) Life-span plasticity of the brain and cognition: from questions to evidence and back. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37(9 Pt B):2195–2200. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.003
Raz N, Lindenberger U, Rodrigue K, Kennedy K, Head D, Williamson A et al (2005) Regional brain changes in aging healthy adults: general trends, individual differences and modifiers. Cereb Cortex 15(11):1676–1689. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi044
Reuter-Lorenz P, Park D (2014) How does it STAC up? Revisiting the scaffolding theory of aging and cognition. Neuropsychol Rev 24(3):355–370. doi:10.1007/s11065-014-9270-9
Rieckmann A, Karlsson S, Karlsson P, Brehmer Y, Fischer H, Farde L et al (2011) Dopamine D1 receptor associations within and between dopaminergic pathways in younger and elderly adults: links to cognitive performance. Cereb Cortex 21(9):2023–2032. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq266
Rojas Vega S, Strüder H, Vera Wahrmann B, Schmidt A, Bloch W, Hollmann W (2006) Acute BDNF and cortisol response to low intensity exercise and following ramp incremental exercise to exhaustion in humans. Brain Res 1121(1):59–65. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.105
Rosen A, Sugiura L, Kramer J, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Gabrieli J (2011) Cognitive training changes hippocampal function in mild cognitive impairment: a pilot study. J Alzheimers Dis 26(Suppl 3):349–357. doi:10.3233/JAD-2011-0009
Sagi Y, Tavor I, Hofstetter S, Tzur-Moryosef S, Blumenfeld-Katzir T, Assaf Y (2012) Learning in the fast lane: new insights into neuroplasticity. Neuron 73(6):1195–1203. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.01.025
Salthouse T (2010) Selective review of cognitive aging. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 16(5):754–760. doi:10.1017/S1355617710000706
Schendan H, Searl M, Melrose R, Stern C (2003) An fMRI study of the role of the medial temporal lobe in implicit and explicit sequence learning. Neuron 37(6):1013–1025. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00123-5
Schoemaker D, Buss C, Head K, Sandman C, Davis E, Chakravarty M et al (2016) Hippocampus and amygdala volumes from magnetic resonance images in children: assessing accuracy of FreeSurfer and FSL against manual segmentation. NeuroImage 129:1–14. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.038
Shaw E, Schultz A, Sperling R, Hedden T (2015) Functional connectivity in multiple cortical networks is associated with performance across cognitive domains in older adults. Brain Connect 5(8):505–516. doi:10.1089/brain.2014.0327
Shohamy D, Turk-Browne N (2013) Mechanisms for widespread hippocampal involvement in cognition. J Exp Psychol Gen 142(4):1159–1170. doi:10.1037/a0034461
Smith P, Blumenthal J, Hoffman B, Cooper H, Strauman T, Welsh-Bohmer K et al (2010) Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med 72(3):239–252. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d14633
Squire L, Stark C, Clark R (2004) The medial temporal lobe. Annu Rev Neurosci 27:279–306. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144130
Taya F, Sun Y, Babiloni F, Thakor N, Bezerianos A (2015) Brain enhancement through cognitive training: a new insight from brain connectome. Front Syst Neurosci 9(April):1–19. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2015.00044
ten Brinke L, Bolandzadeh N, Nagamatsu L, Hsu C, Davis J, Miran-Khan K, Liu-Ambrose T (2015) Aerobic exercise increases hippocampal volume in older women with probable mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 49(4):248–254. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093184
Thomas C, Baker C (2013) Teaching an adult brain new tricks: a critical review of evidence for training-dependent structural plasticity in humans. NeuroImage 73:225–236. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.069
Thomas A, Marrett S, Saad Z, Ruff D, Martin A, Bandettini P (2009) Functional but not structural changes associated with learning: an exploration of longitudinal Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM). NeuroImage 48(1):117–125. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.097
Thomas A, Dennis A, Bandettini P, Johansen-Berg H (2012) The effects of aerobic activity on brain structure. Frontiers in Psychology 3(Mar):1–9. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00086
van Praag H (2008) Neurogenesis and exercise: past and future directions. NeuroMolecular Med 10(2):128–140. doi:10.1007/s12017-008-8028-z
van Praag H, Christie B, Sejnowski T, Gage F (1999) Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(23):13427–13431 Retrieved from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=23964&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC23964/pdf/pq013427.pdf
van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage F (2000) Neural consequences of environmental enrichment. Nature reviews. Neuroscience 1(December):191–198. doi:10.1038/35044558
van Praag H, Shubert T, Zhao C, Gage F (2005) Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. J Neurosci 25(38):8680–8685. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1731-05.2005
Varma V, Chuang Y, Harris G, Tan E, Carlson M (2014) Low-intensity daily walking activity is associated with hippocampal volume in older adults. Hippocampus 25(5):605–615. doi:10.1002/hipo.22397
Varma V, Tan E, Gross A, Harris G, Romani W, Fried L et al (2015) Effect of community volunteering on physical activity. Am J Prev Med:1–5. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.015
Vaynman S, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F (2004) Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition. Eur J Neurosci 20(10):2580–2590. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03720.x
Voelcker-Rehage C, Godde B, Staudinger U (2011) Cardiovascular and coordination training differentially improve cognitive performance and neural processing in older adults. Front Hum Neurosci 5:1–12. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00026
Voss M, Prakash R, Erickson K, Basak C, Chaddock L, Kim J et al (2010) Plasticity of brain networks in a randomized intervention trial of exercise training in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2(August):1–17. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2010.00032
Voss M, Prakash R, Erickson K, Boot W, Basak C, Neider M et al (2012) Effects of training strategies implemented in a complex videogame on functional connectivity of attentional networks. NeuroImage 59(1):138–148. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.052
Voss M, Erickson K, Shaurya R, Chaddock L, Kim J, Alves H et al (2013a) Neurobiological markers of exercise-related brain plasticity in older adults. Brain Behav Immun 28:90–99
Voss M, Vivar C, Kramer A, van Praag H (2013b) Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity. Trends Cogn Sci 17(10):525–544. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.08.001
Voss MW, Weng TB, Burzynska AZ, Wong CN, Cooke GE, Clark R, Fanning J, Awick E, Gothe NP, Olson EA, McAuley E, Kramer AF (2016) Fitness, but not physical activity, is related to functional integrity of brain networks associated with aging. NeuroImage 131:113–125
Walhovd K, Westerhausen R, Glasø de Lange A, Bråthen A, Grydeland H, Engvig A, Fjell A (2015) Premises of plasticity – and the loneliness of the medial temporal lobe. NeuroImage. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.060
Wenger E, Mårtensson J, Noack H, Bodammer N, Kühn S, Schaefer S et al (2014) Comparing manual and automatic segmentation of hippocampal volumes: reliability and validity issues in younger and older brains. Hum Brain Mapp 35(8):4236–4248. doi:10.1002/hbm.22473
Woollett K, Maguire E (2011) Acquiring “the Knowledge” of London’s layout drives structural brain changes. Curr Biol 21(24):2109–2114. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.018
Woollett K, Spiers H, Maguire E (2009) Talent in the taxi: a model system for exploring expertise. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364(1522):1407–1416. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0288
Yaffe K, Barnes D, Nevitt M, Lui L, Covinsky K (2001) A prospective study of physical activity and cognitive decline in elderly women: women who walk. Arch Intern Med 161(14):1703–1708 Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11485502 http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/data/Journals/INTEMED/11989/ioi00861.pdf
Zelinski E (2009) Far transfer in cognitive training of older adults. Restor Neurol Neurosci 27(5):455–471. doi:10.3233/RNN-2009-0495
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Clark, R., Wendel, C., Voss, M.W. (2017). Physical Activity and Cognitive Training: Impact on Hippocampal Structure and Function. In: Hannula, D., Duff, M. (eds) The Hippocampus from Cells to Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50406-3_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50406-3_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-50405-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-50406-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)