Abstract
The present cross sectional study was conducted from December 2013 to September 2014 to assess the influence of climatic variables on the vector and prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in three sites of Tselemti district, Northwestern Tigray, Ethiopia. A total of 500 cattle were considered to know the prevalence of the disease using parasitological approaches, and a total of 15 traps were deployed in the study area to assess biting flies and their distribution. Impact of climatic variables on vector population dynamics and distribution as well as the prediction of the disease incidence for the three terms (2013–2099) with respect to the climatic variables was done with climatic models. Arc GIS software (version 9.3) was used for spatial disease and vector distribution analysis. The future time series was constructed by the statistical downscaling technique using predictor variables of HadCM3A2a and HadCM3B2a. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle was 8% and a significant variation (p < 0.05) was observed between agro-ecology classes. Out of 6211 biting flies caught in the study area, 2824 (45.5%), 163 (2.6%) and 3224 (51.9%) were of the genus stomoxis, tabanus and other biting flies, respectively. The biting fly population was higher in ‘moist-kolla’ (lowland) than ‘moist-weynadega’ (midland) and ‘moist-dega’ (highland). The result of the statistical downscaling model (SDSM) indicates in future three term periods; there will be an increase in temperature within a range of 0.51–1.49 °C and rainfall change within the range of 0.62–30.52% which affects the biology of the biting flies thereby influencing the incidence and distribution of trypanosomosis. Moreover, the focus group discussion indicated for a change in temperature and rainfall in the district. Particular attention should be given to T. vivax and fly population in relation to climatic variables and agro-climatic classes. Moreover, there should be controlled movement of animals from endemic to trypanosomosis free areas in the region to minimize the spread of the disease from lowland to highland areas.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdalla, M., Siham, E. S., & Amet, O. B. (2005). Trypanosoma vivax infection in Sudanese cattle in central Sudan. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 4, 945–948.
Abdalla, M. A., Amel, O. B., & Seham, E. S. (2008). Seasonal prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in Abubugar district, central Sudan, Sudan. Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, 47, 1–5.
Abebayehu, T., Eset, H., & Berhanu, M. (2011). Mechanical transmitted Bovine trypanosomosis in Tselemti Wereda, North West Tigray, Ethiopia. Agricultural Journal, 6, 10–13.
Abebe, G. (2005). Trypanosomosis in Ethiopia: Review article. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences, 4, 75–121.
Abraha, A. A. (2014). Modeling hydrological responses to changes in land cover and climate in Geba river Basin, Northern Ethiopia. Belgium: Institute of Geographic Sciences and Physical Geography.
Addisalem, H. B., & Afere, C. A. (2012). Prevalence of Bovine trypanosomosis in Addisamba and Amarit District of West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State. American Journal Scientific Research, 7, 12–117.
Ahmed, A. B., Okiwelu, S. N., & Samdi, S. M. (2005). Species diversity, abundance and seasonal occurrence of some biting flies in Southern Kaduna, Nigeria. African Journal of Biological Research, 8, 113–118.
Altunsoy, F., & Kilic, A. Y. (2012). Seasonal abundance of horse fly (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Western Anatolia. Journal of Entomological Research Society, 14, 95–105.
Bergersen, R., Straumfors, P., & Nilssen, A. C. (2004). The distribution of horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in North Norway. Norwegian Journal of Entomology, 51, 3–26.
Cherenet, T., Sani, R. A., Panandam, J. M., et al. (2004). Seasonal prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in a tsetse-infested zone and a tsetse-free zone of the Amhara Region, north-west Ethiopia. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 71, 307–312. doi:10.4102/ojvr.v71i4.250
CICS, Canadian Institute for Climate Studies. (2013). Predictor variables used for SDSM model input. http://www.cics.uvic.ca/scenarios/sdsm/select.cgi. Accessed May 17, 2013.
CLSI. (2000). Laboratory diagnosis of blood-borne parasitic diseases: Approved guideline. CLSI document M15-A. PA: Wayne.
CSA. (2012). Federal democratic Republic of Ethiopia agricultural survey data: Report on Livestock and Livestock characteristics. Ethiopia: Addis Ababa.
D’Amico, F., Gouteux, J. P., Le Gall, F., & Cuisance, D. (1996). Are stable flies (Diptera: Stomoxyinae) vectors of Trypanosoma vivax in the Central African Republic? Veterinary Research, 27, 161–170.
Desquesnes, M., Biteau-Coroller, F., Bouyer, J., et al. (2009). Development of a mathematical model for mechanical transmission of trypanosomes and other pathogens of cattle transmitted by tabanids. International Journal of Parasitology, 39, 333–346.
Desquesnes, M., & Dia, M. L. (2003). Trypanosoma vivax: Mechanical transmission in cattle by one of the most common African tabanids, Atylotus agrestis. Experimental Parasitology, 103, 35–43.
Desta, M., Menkir, S., & Kebede, A. (2013). The study on tsetse fly (Glossina species) and their role in the trypanosome infection rate in Birbir valley, Baro Akobo River system, western Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 5, 186–194.
FAO. (2007). Adaptation to climate change in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries: Perspective, framework and priorities. Rome.
Garcia, L. S. (2007). Diagnostic medical parasitology (5th ed.). Washington, DC: ASM Press.
Gilles, J., David, J. F., & Duvallet, G. (2005). Temperature effects on development and survival of two stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans and Stomoxys niger (Diptera: Muscidae), in La Réunion Island. Journal of Medical Entomology, 42, 260–265.
Holmes, P. H., Eisler, M. C., & Geerts, S. (2004). Current chemotherapy of animal trypanosomiasis. In I. Maulidn & P. H. M. M. Holmes (Eds.), The trypanosomiasis (pp. 431–444). UK: CABI International Wallingford.
Husameldin, O. E. (2005). Prevalence and ranking of Bovine trypanosomiasis in unity state, Sudan by participatory epidemiological, clinical and laboratory testing. University of Khartoum.
IPCC. (2001). Climate change 2001: The scientific basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
IPCC. (2007a). Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: Working group II contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Assessment, 1, 976. doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0015br
IPCC. (2007b). Climate change 2007—The physical science basis: Working group I contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC (Climate Change 2007). Cambridge University Press.
Kebede, A., Diekkrüger, B., & Semu, A. M. (2013). An assessment of temperature and rainfall change projections using a regional and a global climate model for the Baro-Akobo Basin, Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Journal of earth Science and Climate Change, 4, 1–12.
Majekodunmi, A. O., Fajinmi, A., Dongkum, C., et al. (2013). A longitudinal survey of African animal trypanosomiasis in domestic cattle on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria: Prevalence, distribution and risk factors. Parasites and Vectors, 6, 239. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-239
Mekonen, A., Leake, D., & Getachew, G. (2012). Distribution, seasonality and relative abundance of stomoxys flies in selected districts of central Ethiopia. World Applied Science Journal, 19, 998–1002.
Mikuška, A., Krčmar, S., Radović, A., & Mikuška, T. (2012). The influence of temperature, precipitation and floods on the development of horse fly populations (TABANIDAE) in the alluvial habitats of the Danube River In Croatia. Polish Journal of Ecology, 60, 395–406.
Ministry of Agriculture. (2005). Ministry of agriculture monthly health status report: Ministry of agriculture and rural development, veterinary series, epidemiology unit. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: MEGA Printing Press.
Muhanguzi, D., Picozzi, K., Hattendorf, J., et al. (2014). The burden and spatial distribution of bovine African trypanosomes in small holder crop- livestock production systems in Tororo District. Parasites and Vectors, 7, 1–10. doi:10.1186/s13071-014-0603-6
Mullens, B. A., & Rogers, D. M. (2009) Horse flies and deer flies (Tabanidae) and Muscide flies (Muscidae). In G. Mullen & L. Durden L (Eds.), Medical and veterinary entomology (2nd ed., pp. 263–301). Elsevier.
Mutika, G. N., Kabore, I., Parker, A. G., & Vreysen, M. J. B. (2014). Storage of male Glossina palpalis gambiensis pupae at low temperature: Effect on emergence, mating and survival. Parasites and Vectors, 7, 465. doi:10.1186/s13071-014-0465-y
Philip, W., & Ralph, L. (2009). Downscaled climate change data from the HADCM3 and ECHAM5 models on Rainfall and temperature for Ethiopia and Kenya report.
Rahman, A. H. A. (2005). Observations on the trypanosomosis problem outside the tsetse belts of Sudan. Revue Scientifique et Technique, 24, 965–972.
Roberts, R. H. (1980). The effect of temperature on the duration of oogenesis and embryonic development in Tabanidae (Diptera). Journal of Medical Entomology, 17, 8–14.
Sean, M., Sourva, S., Kyle, W. T., & Holly, V. (2012). Predicting the effect of climate change on African trypanosomiasis: Integrating epidemiology with parasite and vector biology. Journal of Research Society, 9, 817–830.
Selby, R., Bardosh, K., Picozzi, K., et al. (2013). Cattle movements and trypanosomes: Restocking efforts and the spread of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness in post-conflict Uganda. Parasites and Vectors, 6, 1. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-281
Sidahmed, A. (2008). Livestock and climate change: Coping and risk management strategies for a sustainable future. In Livestock and global climate change conference proceeding. Tunisia.
Sinshaw, A., Abebe, G., Desquesnes, M., & Yoni, W. (2006). Biting flies and Trypanosoma vivax infection in three highland districts bordering lake Tana, Ethiopia. Veterinary Parasitology Journal, 142, 35–46.
Tabachnick, W. J. (2010). Challenges in predicting climate and environmental effects on vector-borne disease episystems in a changing world, Florida. Journal of Experimental Biology, 213, 946–954.
Thornton, P., Herrero, M., Freeman, A., et al. (2008). Vulnerability, climate change and Livestock—Research opportunities and challenges for poverty alleviation. Kenya: Nairobi.
Thrusfield, M. (2007). Veterinary epidemiology (3rd ed.). Singapore: Black Well Publishing.
Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development. (2008). Prevalence study of trypanosomosis in Western and Northwestern part of Tigray. Tigray, Ethiopia: Mekelle.
Tilahun, Z., Jiregna, D., Solomon, K., et al. (2014). Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis, its vector density and distribution in Dale Sadi District, Kellem Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Acta Parasitologica Globalis, 5, 107–114.
Tselemti District Office of Agriculture and Rural Development. (2013). Tselemti district agriculture and rural development office annual report. Tigray, Ethiopia: Tselemti.
van den Bossche, P., & Coetzer, J. A. W. (2008). Climate change and animal health in Africa. Revue Scientifique et Technique, 27, 551–562.
Van den Bossche, P., & Delespaux, V. (2011). Options for the control of tsetse-transmitted livestock trypanosomosis. An epidemiological perspective. Veterinary Parasitology, 181, 37–42.
Yacob, H., Efrem, D., Basu, A., & Hagos, A. (2010). Bovine trypanosomosis in Gimbi district of Western Oromia, Ethiopia. Animal Biology, 60, 123–131.
Acknowledgements
This research project received financial support from Open Society Foundation Project (OSF) at Mekelle University. Therefore, the researchers would like to extend their appreciation and thank to the OSF project coordinators for the financial support. Institute of Climate and Society of Mekelle University and Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development are also acknowledged for their material and technical support. We are also thankful to Ethiopian Meteorological Agency for provision of climate data, and Tselemti district veterinary officers for their assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zekarias, A., Taddele, H., Zenebe, A. (2017). Influence of Climate Variables on Vector and Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Tselemti District, North West Tigray, Ethiopia. In: Leal Filho, W., Belay, S., Kalangu, J., Menas, W., Munishi, P., Musiyiwa, K. (eds) Climate Change Adaptation in Africa. Climate Change Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49520-0_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49520-0_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-49519-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-49520-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)