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Mono Lake: Plankton Dynamics over Three Decades of Meromixis or Monomixis

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Ecology of Meromictic Lakes

Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 228))

Abstract

Mono Lake (38°N, 119°W; 1943 m asl; 160 km2) is hypersaline with sodium the major cation and carbonate, chloride, and sulfate the major anions, high soluble reactive phosphorus, and variable inorganic nitrogen levels. Most of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of microbes are in five major lineages: α- and γ-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, high G+C Gram positive (Actinobacteria), and low G+C Gram positive (Bacillus/Clostridium). The phytoplankton have large seasonal variations in abundance with maxima in early spring, low values from late spring to late summer as a result of grazing by Artemia monica , and increased abundances in autumn and winter. The brine shrimp (Artemia monica) is the dominant and often sole species of zooplankton. Artemia hatch in late winter and spring from cysts produced in previous years; a second, summer generation is produced ovoviviparously. In autumn, Artemia population declines, because of predation by migratory grebes, decreasing water temperature and senescence. In nearshore habitats, the alkali fly ( Ephydra hians ) is abundant seasonally. The brine shrimp and alkali fly larvae provide food for large numbers of birds including an important breeding colony of the California gull (Larus californicus) and migratory eared grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) , Wilson’s phalaropes (Phalaropus tricolor), and red-necked phalaropes (Phalaropus lobatus); no fish occur in the lake. Mono Lake alternates between being meromictic and monomictic depending on the quantity of freshwater introduced during snowmelt from the Sierra Nevada and the proportion diverted to the City of Los Angeles. Between 1979 and 2013, three episodes of meromixis occurred. Multiyear episodes of meromixis have marked inter-year variation in standing algal biomass, with low values that contrast with periods of monomixis in which winter periods of complete mixing occur and spring chlorophyll levels are high. Seasonally averaged adult brine shrimp abundances have less inter-year variation than phytoplankton.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

    John M. Melack & Sally MacIntyre

  2. Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

    Robert Jellison

  3. Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

    James T. Hollibaugh

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  1. John M. Melack
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  2. Robert Jellison
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  3. Sally MacIntyre
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  4. James T. Hollibaugh
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Correspondence to John M. Melack .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO), Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Ramesh D. Gulati

  2. SB RAS Institute of Biophysics, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

    Egor S. Zadereev

  3. SB RAS Institute of Biophysics, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

    Andrei G. Degermendzhi

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Melack, J.M., Jellison, R., MacIntyre, S., Hollibaugh, J.T. (2017). Mono Lake: Plankton Dynamics over Three Decades of Meromixis or Monomixis. In: Gulati, R., Zadereev, E., Degermendzhi, A. (eds) Ecology of Meromictic Lakes. Ecological Studies, vol 228. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49143-1_11

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