Abstract
The Arab Region has an extremely poor supply of water resources with many areas experiencing unpredictable rainfall. Taking population size and growth into consideration, the Arab Region is considered one of the world’s most water-stressed regions, with continuously decreasing per capita freshwater availability. Despite the strenuous efforts made by the Arab countries in augmenting their water supplies to meet increasing demands, the emphasis on the supply-driven approach for water management has not only reached its physical and financial limits for many countries and led to the over-exploitation of the region’s natural water resources, but has also demonstrated its inability to deliver a substantial degree of water sustainability or security. Currently, Arab countries are experiencing an alarming future of increasing water scarcity and increasing water demands and supply costs, which might not only threaten their future development and hamper human and socio-economic development efforts, but also the preservation and sustainability of their past socio-economic achievements. A major review of and shift in water policies in Arab countries, emphasizing demand management and conservation is urgently needed, with the overall objective of securing long-term water supplies while meeting strict criteria for socio-economic, financial and environmental sustainability, and public health requirements. The successful implementation of these policies would be the cornerstone for coping with water scarcity in the region. Moreover, shared water resources should be given high priority in order to reach agreements and form treaties regarding water allocation, including quality considerations, according to international water law. Finally, unless there is a major shift in the population policies of the region, the water problem will continue to be a major constraint to its future development.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abderrahman W, Hussain T (2006) Pollution impacts of desalination on ecosystems in the Arabian Peninsula. In: Amer KM (ed) Policy perspectives for ecosystem and water management in the Arabian Peninsula. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization/United Nations University International Network on Water, Environment and Health, Hamilton, Canada
ABHS (Hydraulic Basin Agency of Sebu), WWF (World Wildlife Fund), MENBO (Mediterranean Network of Basin Organizations), and ACTeon (2007) Description of the river basin (Sebou, Morocco): state of the art in the frame of pilot establishment of WFD tools. Report for the EC contract 044357
Abu-Zeid M, Hamdy A (2004) Water crisis and food security in the Arab world: where we are and where do we go?. In: Proceedings of the second regional conference on Arab Water 2004: action plans for integrated development, Cairo, Egypt, pp 12–15
ACSAD (Arab Center for the Study of Arid Zones and Dry Lands) (1997) Water resources and their uses in the Arab world. In: Proceedings of the first Arab symposium on water resources and their uses in the Arab World. Organized by ACSAD, Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD), and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED), Kuwait City, Kuwait, 8–10 March, 1997, pp 25–121 (in Arabic)
ACSAD and BGR (2005) Management, protection and sustainable use of groundwater and soil resources in the Arab Region. Phase II Draft final report. Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands and the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, unpublished
AFED (2010) Arab environment: water, sustainable management of a scarce resource. In: El-Ashry M, Saab N, Zeitoon B (eds) The Arab forum for environment and development. Beirut
Al-Hussayen A (2009) Inaugural speech by the minster of water and electricity. Saudi Arabia, Water and Power Forum, Jiddah, Saudi Arabia
Al-Jamal K, Schiffler M (2009) Desalination opportunities and challenges in the Middle East and North Africa region. In: Jagannathan NV, Mohamed AS and Kremer A (eds) Water in the Arab World: Management Perspectives and Innovations. The International Bank of Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, Middle East and North Africa Region, Washington, DC, Retrieved from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/Water_Arab_World_full.pdf
Al-Mahmoud MJ (1987) Hydrogeology of Al-Hassa Oasis. MSc Thesis, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran
Al-Mooji Y (2004) Nahr el-Kabir Basin (Lebanon, Syria). consensus building for integrated management: main characteristics of the basin. Retrieved from: http://webworld.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/zaragoza/basins/nahr_el_kabir/nahr_el_kabir.pdf
Al-Turbak A (2002) Water in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: policies and challenges. In: Proceedings of symposium on the future vision of the Saudi economy. 19–23 October, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Al-Zubari WK (2001) Impacts of groundwater over-exploitation on desertification of soils in Bahrain—A case study (1956–1992). In: Regional aquifer systems in arid zones –managing non-renewable resources proceedings of international conference, Tripoli, Libya, 20–24 November 1999, pp. 311–22. IHP-V Technical Documents in Hydrology No. 42. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, Retrieved from: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001270/127080e.pdf
Assaf H, Saadeh M (2008) Assessing water quality management options in the upper Litani Basin, Lebanon, using an integrated GIS-based decision support system. Environ Model Softw 23:1327–1337, Retrieved from: www.weap21.org/downloads/WQLitani.pdf
AWC (Arab Water Council) (2009) MENA/Arab countries regional document. 5th World Water Forum, 20–22 March, Istanbul (www.arabwatercouncil.org/administrator/Modules/CMS/Technical%20Report%205_Arab-MENA_Regional_Document_WWF5.pdf)
Balaban M (2008) Desalination in Maghreb. In: EUROMED conference on desalination strategies in South Mediterranean Countries
Bushnak A (2010) Desalination. In: El-Ashry M, Saab N, Zeitoon B (eds) Arab environment: water, sustainable management of a scarce resource. The Arab Forum for Environment and Development, Beirut
CEDARE and AWC (Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region; Arab Water Council) (2004) State of the water report in the Arab region. CEDARE, Cairo
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) (2003) CIA world factbook. New York, Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2093.html
Darwish MA, Al-Najem NM, Lior N (2010) Towards sustainable seawater desalination in the Gulf area. Desalination 235:58–87, Retrieved from: http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~lior/lior%20papers/Towards%20sustainable%20seawater%20desalting%20in%20the%20Gulf%20area%20-published.pdf
Doumani FM (2008) Climate change adaptation in the water sector in the Middle East and North Africa region: a review of main issues. PAP/RAC Workshop, Sardinia, May 19–21
Droubi A, Jnad I, Al Sibaii M (2006) ACSAD activity in the field of water resources management and rainwater harvesting. Arab Center for the Study of Arid Zones and Dry Lands (ACSAD), Damascus, Retrieved from: http://gwadi.org/sites/gwadi.org/files/RegionalDroubi.pdf
Falkenmark M (1989) The massive water scarcity now threatening Africa-Why isn’t it being addressed. Ambio 18:112–118
FAO (2013) AQUASTAT database. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Retrieved from: www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (1997) Irrigation in the near East region in figures. Food and Agriculture Organization. Water Report 9. Rome, Retrieved from: www.fao.org/docrep/w4356e/w4356e00.HTM
FAOSTAT (2008) FAOSTAT—FAO statistical databases. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Retrieved from: http://faostat.fao.org/site/357/default.aspx
GWI (Global Water Intelligence) (2010) Water market Middle East 2010. Global Water Intelligence, 2010
Hadidi K (2005) Groundwater management in the Azraq basin. In: Proceedings of the Arab center for the studies of arid zones and dry lands and the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources workshop on groundwater and soil protection in the Arab region. Amman, Jordan, 27–30 June
Hamoda MF (2004) Water strategies and potential of water reuse in the South Mediterranean countries. Desalination 165:31–41
IFAD (2009) Fighting water scarcity in the Arab countries. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Rome
Khater AR (2010) Regional technical report on the impacts of climate change on groundwater in the Arab region. In: Technical Document. UNESCO Cairo Office, Cairo. Retrieved from: www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/Cairo/pdf/SC/Impacts%20of%20Climate%20Change%20on%20Groundwater%20in%20the%20Arab%20Region-2%20Aug%202010-a.pdf
Kibaro’lu A (2004) Water for sustainable development in the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Asia Pacific Association of Hydrology and Water Resources, 5–8 July, Singapore, Retrieved from: www.gap.metu.edu.tr/html/yayinlar/waterforsustainableAKibaroglu.pdf
Ksia C (2009) Institutional and legal issues in managing shared water resources: the Arab region’s experience. Department of Environment, Housing and Sustainable Development, the League of Arab States, Cairo
LAS and UNEP (2010) Environmental outlook for the Arab Region. League of the Arab States (Cairo) and UNEP (Nairobi), Retrieved from: www.unep.org/dewa/westasia/eoar
Macumber PG, Niwas JM, Al-Abadi A, Seneviratne R (1997) A new isotopic water line for Northern Oman. In: The WSTA third Gulf water conference: towards efficient utilization of water resources in the Gulf. Muscat, Oman, 8–13 March
MED WWR WG (2007) Mediterranean wastewater reuse report. In: Mediterranean wastewater reuse working group—joint Mediterranean EUWI/WFD process, Retrieved from: http://www.semide.net/media_server/files/c/e/Final%20report.1.pdf
Nile Basin Initiative (n.d.) Key facts about the Nile Basin. Entebbe, Uganda, Retrieved from: www.nilebasin.org/newsite/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135%3Akey-facts-about-the-nile-basin&catid=75%3Astats&Itemid=68&lang=en
OMVS (Organization for the Development of the Senegal River) (2003) Senegal river basin, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal. In: UNESCO, water for people, water for life: the united nations world water development report. UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme: Paris and New York, Retrieved from: http://webworld.unesco.org/water/wwap/case_studies/senegal_river/senegal_river.pdf
PWA (Palestinian Water Authority) (2000) Gaza coastal aquifer management program. Integrated Aquifer Management Plan Task 3, Vol 1. Ramallah, Palestine
Qadir M, Sharma BR, Bruggeman A, Choukr-Allah R, Karajeh F (2007) Non-conventional water resources and opportunities for water augmentation to achieve food security in water scarce countries. Agric Water Manag 87:2–22
Rizk ZS, Alsharhan AS, Shindu S (1997) Evaluation of groundwater resources of United Arab Emirates. In: The WSTA third Gulf water conference: towards efficient utilization of water resources in the Gulf. Muscat, Oman, 8–13 March
Ruta G (2005) Deep wells and shallow savings: the economic aspect of groundwater depletion in MENA countries. In: Background paper to making the most of scarcity: accountability for better water management results in the Middle East and North Africa. World Bank, Washington
Sayid SAS, Al-Ruwaih F (1995) Relationship among hydraulic characteristics of the Dammam aquifer and wells in Kuwait. Hydrogeol J 3(1):57–70
Scheumann W, Sagsen I, Tereci E (2011) Orontes river basin: downstream challenges and prospects for cooperation. In: Kibaroglu A, Scheumann A, Kramer W (eds) Turkey’s water policy. Springer, Berlin, pp 301–312, Retrieved from: www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/mckinney/ce397/Topics/Orontes/20-Orontes%20river%20basin.pdf
Shahin M (1989) Review and assessment of water resources in the Arab region. Water Int 14(4):206–219
Sokona Y, Diallo OS (eds) (2008) The North-Western aquifer system: joint management of a trans-border water basin. Synthesis Collection 1. Sahara and Sahel Observatory, Tunis, Retrieved from: www.oss-online.org/pdf/synth-sass_En.pdf
Sultanate of Oman (2001) Royal decree no. 115/2001: issuing law on protection of sources of potable water from pollution. Government of the Sultanate of Oman, Retrieved from: www.pdo.co.om/hseforcontractors/blocks/documentation/docs/laws/decree_115_2001.pdf
UN Urbanization Prospects (2014) Population division: world urbanization prospects, the 2014 revision. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Retrieved from: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) (2012) World population prospects, the 2012 revision. New York, Retrieved from: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm
UNDP (2013) Water governance in the Arab region: managing scarcity and securing the future. UNDP Regional Bureau of Arab States, Retrieved from: http://www.arabstates.undp.org/content/rbas/en/home/library/huma_development/water-governance-in-the-arab-region.html
UN-ESCWA (1999) Groundwater quality control and conservation in the ESCWA region. E/ESCWA/ENR/1999/1. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for West Asia, Beirut
UN-ESCWA (2007) ESCWA Water development report 2: state of water resources in the ESCWA region. E/ESCWA/SDPD/2007/6. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, New York, Retrieved from: http://www.escwa.un.org/information/publications/edit/upload/sdpd-07-6-e.pdf
UN-ESCWA (2011) ESCWA Water development report 4: national capacities for the management of shared water resources in ESCWA member countries. UNESCWA document E/ESCWA/SDPD/2011/4. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for West Asia, Beirut
UN-ESCWA and BGR (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia; Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe) (2013) Inventory of shared water resources in Western Asia. UN-ESCWA document number E/ESCWA/SDPD/2013/Inventory, ESCWA, Beirut
Varis O, Tortajada C (2009) Water governance in the MENA region: policies and institutions, extended report. In: An International conference on water governance in the MENA region. Dead Sea, 7–11 June, Jordan
World Bank and AGFUND (2005) A water sector assessment report on the countries of the cooperation council of the Arab States of the Gulf. In: Report no. 32539-MNA, water, environment, social and rural development department, Middle East and North Africa. The World Bank, Washington
World Bank (2007) Making the most of scarcity: accountability for better water management in the Middle East and North Africa. MENA Development Report. Washington, DC, Retrieved from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMNAREGTOPWATRES/Resources/Making_the_Most_of_Scarcity.pdf
World Bank, AWC (Arab Water Council), IDB (Islamic Development Bank), and ICBA (International Center for Biosaline Agriculture) (2011) Water reuse in the Arab World: from principle to practice: voices from the field. In: A summary of proceedings: expert consultation on wastewater management in the Arab World, 22–24 May, Dubai, Retrieved from: http://water.worldbank.org/sites/water.worldbank.org/files/publication/Water-Reuse-Arab-World-From-Principle%20-Practice.pdf
World Bank and BNWP (Bank–Netherlands Water Partnership) (2004) Seawater and brackish water desalination in the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia: a review of key issues and experience in six countries. In: Working paper no. 33515. World Bank, Washington
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Al-Zubari, W.K. (2017). Status of Water in the Arab Region. In: Amer, K., Adeel, Z., Böer, B., Saleh, W. (eds) The Water, Energy, and Food Security Nexus in the Arab Region. Water Security in a New World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48408-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48408-2_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-48407-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-48408-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)