Abstract
Most aluminum companies have initiated voluntary programs for actively reducing propagating, or above 8 volt, anode effect (AE), perfluorocarbon (PFC) emissions and all modern pre-bake smelters have automated reactive methods for terminating anode effects. The goal of these methods is to reduce cumulative anode effect minutes per cell-day. Any PFCs evolved from aluminum electrolysis pots during periods when pot voltage is below eight volts are considered non-anode effect or low voltage (LV) PFC emissions, consistent with current PFC measurement protocols.
The inclusion of LV-PFC emissions will additively impact aluminum smelter emission inventories in a manner that depends on a number of location-specific factors such as technology type, operating practices, work practices and AE performance and AE kill strategy. The present work outlines a plant-proven approach for systematically and sustainably reducing both AE- and LV-PFC emissions by optimizing alumina feed control.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
A. Ravishankara, S. Solomon, A. Turnipseed and R. Warren, “Atmospheric Lifetimes of Long-Lived Halogenated Species”, Science, v. 259, 1993, pp. 194–199.
R. Zander, S. Solomon, E. Mahieu, A. Goldman, C. Rinsland, M. Gunson, M. Abrams, A. Chang, R. Salawitch, H. Michelsen, M. Newchurch, and G. Stiller, “Increase of Stratospheric Carbon Tetrafluoride (CF4) based on ATMOS Observations from Space”, Geophysi. Re. Lett., v. 23, 1996, pp. 2353–2356.
K. Grojtheim and H. Kvande, eds., Introduction to Aluminum Electrolysis, (Dusseldorf: Aluminum-Verlag), 1993.
The IPCC Guidelines for Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions, http://www.ipcc.ch/pub/guide.htm.
Protocol for Measurement of Tetrafluoromethane (CF4) and Hexafluoromethane (C2F6) Emissions for Primary Aluminum Production, U.S Environmental Protection Agency and the International Aluminium Institute, April, 2008, http://www.epa.gov/aluminum-pfc/documents/measureprotocol.pdf.
N. Dando and W. Xu, “Root Causes of Variability Impacting Short Term In-Plant PFC Measurements”, Light Metals, 2006, pp. 189–194.
IAI, “Results of the 2013 Anode Effect Survey,” International Aluminium Institute, Report on the Aluminium Industry’s Global Perfluorocarbon Gases Emission Reduction Program, http://www.world-aluminium.org/media/filer_public/2014/08/08/2013_anode_e ffect_survey_report_2014.pdf.
A. Tabereaux and, “PFC Emissions Measurements from Canadian Primary Aluminum Production,” Light Metals 2001, pp. 283–288.
J. Marks, A. Tabereaux, D. Pape, V. Bakshi, and E. Dolin, “Factors Affecting PFC Emissions from Commercial Aluminum Reduction Cells,” Light Metals 2001, pp. 295–302.
A. Al Zarouni and A. Al Zarouni, “DUBAL’s Experience of Low Voltage PFC Emissions,” 10th Aust. Aluminium Smelting Technology Conference, Launceston, AU, 2011, paper 4a3.
J. Marks, R. Roberts and V. Bakshi, “Perfluorocarbon (PFC) Generation during Primary Aluminum Production,” Light Metals 2000, pp. 365–371.
K. Rye, “Cell Preheat/Start-up and Early Operation,” Light Metals 2008, pp. 1–5.
Willy Kristensen, Gauti Hoskuldsson and Barry Welch, “Potline Startup with Low Anode Effect Frequency,” Light Metals 2007, pp. 411–416.
N. Dando, W. Xu and J. Marks, “Comparison of PFC Emission for Operating and Newly Started Pots at the Alcoa Fjardaal Point Fed Prebake Smelter,” Light Metals 2009, pp. 269–273.
A. Zarouni, M. Reverdy, A. Al Zarouni and K. Venkatasubramaniam, “A Study of Low Voltage PFC Emissions at DUBAL,” Light Metals 2013, pp. 859–863.
D. Wong, A. Tabereaux, and P. Lavoie, “Anode Effect Phenomena During Conventional AEs, Low Voltage Propagating AEs and Non-Propagating AEs,” Light Metals 2014, pp. 529–534.
N. Dando, N. Menegazzo, L. Espinoza-Nava, N. Westendorf and E. Batista, “Non Anode Effect PFCs: Measurement Considerations and Potential Impacts,” Light Metals 2015, pp. 551–554.
N. Dando, L. Sylvain, J. Fleckenstein, C. Kato, V. Van Son and L. Coleman, “Sustainable Anode Effect Based Perfluorocarbon Emission Reduction,” Light Metals 2011, pp.325–8.
N. Dando, “In-Plant PFC Monitoring: Technology Options and Performance Concerns,” Light Metals, 2003, pp. 205–210.
A. Jassim, S. Akhmetov, B. Welch, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Jie Bao and Yuchen Yao, “Studies on Background PFC Emission in Hall-Héroult Reduction Cells Using Online Anode,” Light Metals 2015, pp. 545–550.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Batista, E., Dando, N.R., Menegazzo, N., Espinoza-Nava, L. (2016). Sustainable Reduction of Anode Effect and Low Voltage PFC Emissions. In: Williams, E. (eds) Light Metals 2016. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48251-4_89
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48251-4_89
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-48615-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-48251-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)