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Physical Health of Human Trafficking Survivors: Unmet Essentials

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Human Trafficking Is a Public Health Issue

Abstract

Human trafficking is an egregious human rights violation with significant impact on the physical, mental, and social health and well-being of individuals, communities, and society. While myriad factors affect the nature of the exploitation and its unique health risks and exposures, the adverse health outcomes of human trafficking are ubiquitous and often long-lasting. This chapter offers a review of the literature on the physical health effects of sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and trafficking for the removal of organs. Variations in the health effects of human trafficking that are mediated by geography and by the stage of trafficking are discussed. Finally, recommendations are made for improving the health sector’s ability to effectively respond to the medical needs of trafficked persons and survivors who present for medical care.

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Change history

  • 14 December 2018

    In Chapter 11 titled “Physical Health of Human Trafficking Survivors: Unmet Essentials” a paragraph of this chapter on page 193 was published with errors. It has been updated in all renditions of the book to read as follows:

Notes

  1. 1.

    A commercial sex act is defined as a sex act performed in exchange for anything of value to any person.

  2. 2.

    Under Title 8 U.S. Code § 1641, the term “qualified alien” is defined as an immigrant who is lawfully admitted to the USA under one of several legal immigration categories, including permanent resident, asylee, and refugee status.

  3. 3.

    The possessive adjective “their” will be used throughout the text instead of “his” or “her” so as to remain gender neutral and inclusive of gender non-conforming, intersex, and transgender-persons.

  4. 4.

    This practice is an example of the harm reduction strategy utilized in some communities to mitigate the negative health risks of high-risk activities without overtly criminalizing the activities.

  5. 5.

    Prostitution involves exchanging the performance of sexual acts for money, is a legal term, and usually connotes a crime. Legally, the components of force, fraud, coercion, and/or exploitation distinguish trafficking from prostitution. However, a strong argument can be made that adult cases of prostitution (i.e., not involving such exploitative and coercive elements) often begin with commercial sex acts at an age younger than 18 years, qualifying them as trafficking at least at their inception. Nonetheless, even individuals who begin commercial sex work in adulthood often face coercive and exploitative factors that are not always clearly identified.

  6. 6.

    Anogenital: relating to or involving the genital organs and anus.

  7. 7.

    Neonatal abstinence syndrome: a group of problems that occur in a newborn as a result of the abrupt discontinuation of chronic fetal exposure to substances that were used or abused by the mother during pregnancy.

  8. 8.

    “Fishermen” includes people of all genders. While “fisher” is more commonly being used in academic circles, one study shows that North American men and women in the industry prefer to call themselves “fishermen” regardless of gender. For more information, see: Branch TA, Kleiber D. “Should we call them fishers or fishermen?” Fish and Fisheries, 2015 Sept. DOI: 10.111/faf.12130.

  9. 9.

    Shared Decision Making (SDM): A collaborative process that allows patients and providers to make health care decisions together, taking into consideration the risks and benefits of a treatment plan with respect to the best scientific evidence possible and the patient’s personal values, goals, and preferences.

  10. 10.

    Selection Bias: The unintended selection of particular types of individuals, groups, or data for analysis without proper randomization, such that the sample obtained is not accurately representative of the population intended for analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. MGH Human Trafficking Initiative, Division of Global Health and Human Rights, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 125 Nashua Street, Suite 910, Boston, MA, 02114, USA

    Wendy Macias-Konstantopoulos

  2. MGH Freedom Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Wendy Macias-Konstantopoulos

  3. Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Wendy Macias-Konstantopoulos

  4. Harvard-Affiliated Emergency Medicine Residency, Massachusetts General Hospital/Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Zheng B. Ma

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  1. Wendy Macias-Konstantopoulos
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Correspondence to Wendy Macias-Konstantopoulos .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Makini Chisolm-Straker

  2. Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Hanni Stoklosa

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Macias-Konstantopoulos, W., Ma, Z.B. (2017). Physical Health of Human Trafficking Survivors: Unmet Essentials. In: Chisolm-Straker, M., Stoklosa, H. (eds) Human Trafficking Is a Public Health Issue. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47824-1_11

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