Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Exercise Training in Congenital Heart Diseases

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cardiac Rehabilitation Manual

  • 1924 Accesses

Abstract

Congenital malformations of the heart and vessels occur in 5-9 per 1.000 live births. Approximately 85% of the patients born with congenital malformations of the heart and vessels survive into adult life. With improved life expectancy, growing attention is given to the question of whether and to what extent physical activity should be recommended in order to improve the quality of life. This chapter focus on the safety and impact of physical activity and exercise training in children, adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease. The participation in structured medically supervised exercise training may be helpful to catch up limitations in exercise capacity and educate the patient in order to provide him/her with the knowledge and self-esteem necessary to take up physically active lifestyle and regular exercise training on his/her own.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Allen DH, Gutgesell HP, Clark EB, et al., editors. Moss and adams’heart disease in infants, children, and adolescents. Including the fetus and young adults. 6 ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  2. American Heart Association; American Stroke Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics. 2008 Update. American Heart Association; American Stroke Association; 2008. [web page] http://www.americanheart.org.

  3. Dolk H, Loane M, Garne E, European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT) Working Group. Congenital heart defects in Europe prevalence and perinatal mortality, 2000 to 2005. Circulation. 2011;123:841–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. American Heart Association; American Stroke Association. Statistical Fact Sheet. 2013 Update. Congenital cardiovascular defects. American Heart Association; American Stroke Association; 2013. [web page] http://www.americanheart.org.

  5. Look JE, Keane JF, Perry SB, editors. Diagnostic and interventional catheterization in congenital heart disease (developments in cardiovascular medicine). 2 ed. Norwell: kluwer Academic Publisher; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Raissadati A, Nieminen H, Jokinen E, Sairanen H. Progress in late results among pediatric cardiac surgery patients: a population-based 6-decade study with 98 % follow-up. Circulation. 2015;131:347–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Erikssen G, Liestøl K, Seem E, Birkeland S, Saatvedt KJ, Hoel TN, Døhlen G, Skulstad H, Svennevig JL, Thaulow E, Lindberg HL. Achievements in congenital heart defect surgery: a prospective, 40-year study of 7038 patients. Circulation. 2015;131:337–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Deutsche Herzstiftung (Edt.) 27. Deutscher Herzbericht 2015. Sektorenübergreifende Versorgungsanalyse zur Kardiologie und Herzchirurgie in Deutschland, Frankfurt am Main: Eigenverlag; 2015 ISBN 978-3-9811926-6-7

    Google Scholar 

  9. Boneva RS, Botto LD, Moore CA, Yang Q, Correa A, Erickson JD. Mortality associated with congenital heart defects in the United States: trends and racial disparities, 1979-1997. Circulation. 2001;103:2376–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Sarubbi B, Pacileo G, Pisacane C, Ducceschi V, Iacono C, Russo MG, Iacono A, Calabro R. Exercise capacity in young patients after total repair of tetralogy of fallot. Pediatr Cardiol. 2000;21:211–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Baumgartner H, Bonhoeffer P, De Groot NMS, et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of grown-up congenital heart disease. The Task Force on the Management of Grown-up Congenital Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology (AEPC). Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2915–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Marino BS, Lipkin PH, Newburger JW, Peacock G, Gerdes M, Gaynor JW, Mussatto KA, Uzark K, Goldberg CS, Johnson WH, Li J, Smith SE, Bellinger DC, Mahl WT. Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with congenital heart disease: evaluation and management. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;126:1143–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Longmuir PE, Brothers JA, de Ferranti SD, Hayman LL, Van Hare GF, Matherne GP, Davis CK, Joy EA, McCrindle BW, American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Obesity in Youth Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Promotion of physical activity for children and adults with congenital heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127:2147–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Takken T, Giardini A, Reybrouck T, Gewillig M, Hövels-Gürich HH, Longmuir PE, McCrindle BW, Paridon SM, Hager A. Recommendations for physical activity, recreation sport, and exercise training in paediatric patients with congenital heart disease: a report from the exercise, basic & translational research section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, the European Congenital Heart and Lung Exercise Group, and the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012;19:1034–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Hager A, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Oberhoffer R, Hövels-Gürich H, Lawrenz W Dubowy KO, Paul T. Sport bei angeborenen Herzerkrankungen. In: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, editors. Leitlinen Kinder und Jugendmedizin., München: Elsvier, Urban & Fischer Verlag; 2015, M40 S.1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Dordel S, Schickendantz S, Krumm C, Bott D, Sreeram N, Brockmeier K. Motor development in children with congenital cardiac diseases compared to their healthy peers. Cardiol Young. 2007;17:487–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Schmitz S, Dordel S. Motor development in children with congenital cardiac diseases. Eur Cardiol. 2008;4:92–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Holm I, Fredriksen PM, Fosdahl MA, Olstad M, Vollestad N. Impaired motor competence in school-aged children with complex congenital heart disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161:945–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Dordel S, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Lawrenz W, Leurs S, Rost R, Schickendantz S, Sticker E. Efficiency of psychomotor training of children with (partly-) corrected congenital heart disease. Z Sportm. 1999;50:41–6.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Dordel S, Sreeram N, Brockmeier K. Cardiac Rehabilitation in Congenital Heart Disease. In: Perk J, Mathes P, Gohlke H, Monpére C, Hellemans I, McGee H, Sellier P, Saner H, editors. Cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation. London: Springer; 2007. p. 361–75.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  21. Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Dordel S, Schickendantz S, Krumm C, Bott D, Sreeram N, Brockmeier K. Motor development in children with congenital cardiac diseases compared to their healthy peers. Cardiol Young. 2007;17:487–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Unverdorben M, Singer H, Trägler M, Schmidt M, Otto J, Singer R, Vallbracht C. Impaired coordination in children with congenital heart disease – only hardly to be explained by medical causes. Herz/Kreisl. 1997;29:181–4.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Stieh J, Kramer HH, Harding P, Fischer G. Gross and fine motor development is impaired in children with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Neuropediatrics. 1999;30:77–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Majnemer A, Limperopoulos C, Shevell MI, Rosenblatt B, Rohlicek C, Tchervenkov V. Long-term neuromotor outcome at school entry of infants with congenital heart defects requiring open-heart surgery. J Pediatr. 2006;148:72–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Longmuir PE, Russell JL, Corey M, Faulkner G, McCrindle BW. Factors associated with the physical activity level of children who have the Fontan procedure. Pediatrics. 2011;161:411–7.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Iserin L, Chua TP, Chambers J, Coats AJ, Somerville J. Dyspnoea and exercise intolerance during cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with univentricular heart. The effects of chronic hypoxaemia and Fontan procedure. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:1350–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Fredriksen PM, Ingjer F, Nystad W, Thaulow E. A comparison of VO2(peak) between patients with congenital heart disease and healthy subjects, all aged 8-17 years. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1999;80:409–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sarubbi B, Pacileo G, Pisacane C, Ducceschi V, Iacono C, Russo MG, Iacono A, Calabro R. Exercise capacity in young patients after total repair of tetralogy of fallot. Pediatr Cardiol. 2000;21:211–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Wessel HU, Paul MH. Exercise studies in tetralogy of Fallot: a review. Pediatr Cardiol. 1999;20:39–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Paul MH, Wessel HU. Exercise studies in patients with transposition of the great arteries after atrial repair operations (Mustard/Senning): a review. Pediatr Cardiol. 1999;20:49–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Duppen N, Takken T, Hopman MT, ten Harkel AD, Dulfer K, Utens EM, Helbing WA. Systematic review of the effects of physical exercise training programmes in children and young adults with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:1779–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Duppen N, Etnel JR, Spaans L, Takken T, van den Berg-Emons RJ, Boersma E, Schokking M, Dulfer K, Utens EM, Helbing W, Hopman MT. Does exercise training improve cardiopulmonary fitness and daily physical activity in children and young adults with corrected tetralogy of Fallot or Fontan circulation? A randomized controlled trial. Am Heart J. 2015;170:606–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Dulfer K, Helbing WA, Duppen N, Utens EM. Associations between exercise capacity, physical activity, and psychosocial functioning in children with congenital heart disease: a systematic review. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2014;21:1200–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Motonaga KS, Punn R, Axelrod DM, Ceresnak SR, Hanisch D, Kazmucha JA, Dubin AM. Diminished exercise capacity and chronotropic incompetence in pediatric patients with congenital complete heart block and chronic right ventricular pacing. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12:560–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Tikkanen AU, Oyaga AR, Riaño OA, Álvaro EM, Rhodes J. Paediatric cardiac rehabilitation in congenital heart disease: a systematic review. Cardiol Young. 2012;22:241–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Opotowsky AR, Landzberg MJ, Earing MG, Wu FM, Triedman JK, Casey A, Ericson DA, Systrom D, Paridon SM, Rhodes J. Abnormal spirometry after the Fontan procedure is common and associated with impaired aerobic capacity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2014;307:H110–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Chen CW. Su WJ, Wang JK, Yang HL, Chiang YT, Moons P. Physical self-concept and its link to cardiopulmonary exercise tolerance among adolescents with mild congenital heart disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2015;14:206–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. O'Byrne ML, Mercer-Rosa L, Ingall E, McBride MG, Paridon S, Goldmuntz E. Habitual exercise correlates with exercise performance in patients with conotruncal abnormalities. Pediatr Cardiol. 2013;34:853–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Lunt D, Briffa T, Briffa NK, Ramsay J. Physical activity levels of adolescents with congenital heart disease. Aust J Physiother. 2003;49:43–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Arvidsson D, Slinde F, Hulthén L, Sunnegårdh J. Physical activity, sports participation and aerobic fitness in children who have undergone surgery for congenital heart defects. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98:1475–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Fredriksen PM, Ingjer E, Thaulow E. Physical activity in children and adolescents with congenital heart disease. Aspects of measurements with an activity monitor. Cardiol Young. 2000;10:98–106.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Massin MM, Hovels-Gurich HH, Gerard P, Seghaye MC. Physical activity patterns of children after neonatal arterial switch operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:665–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. McCrindle BW, Williams RV, Mital S, Clark BJ, Russell JL, Klein G, Eisenmann JC. Physical activity levels in children and adolescents are reduced after the Fontan procedure, independent of exercise capacity, and are associated with lower perceived general health. Arch Dis Child. 2007;92:509–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Norgaard MA, Lauridsen P, Helvind M, Pettersson G. Twenty-to-thirty-seven-year follow-up after repair for Tetralogy of Fallot. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999;16:125–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Stefan MA, Hopman WM, Smythe JF. Effect of activity restriction owing to heart disease on obesity. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:477–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Norgaard MA, Lauridsen P, Helvind M, Pettersson G. Twenty-to-thirty-seven-year follow-up after repair for tetralogy of fallot. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999;16:125–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Schaffer R, Berdat P, Stolle B, Pfammatter JP, Stocker F, Carrel T. Surgery of the complete atrioventricular canal: relationship between age at operation, mitral regurgitation, size of the ventricular septum defect, additional malformations and early postoperative outcome. Cardiology. 1999;91:231–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Hutter PA, Kreb DL, Mantel SF, Hitchcock JF, Meijboom EJ, Bennink GB. Twenty-five years’ experience with the arterial switch operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;124:790–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Reybrouck T, Mertens L. Physical performance and physical activity in grown-up congenital heart disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2005;12:498–502.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hirth A, Reybrouck T, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Lawrenz W, Hoffmann A. Recommendations for participation in competitive and leisure sports in patients with congenital heart disease. A consensus document. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006;13:293–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Mitchell JH, Maron BJ, Epstein SE. 16th bethesda conference: cardiovascular abnormalities in the athlete: recommendations regarding eligibility for competition. October 3-5, 1984. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;6:1186–232.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Graham Jr TP, Driscoll DJ, Gersony WM, Newburger JW, Rocchini A, Towbin JA. Task Force 2: congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1326–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Picchio FM, Giardini A, Bonvicini M, Gargiulo G. Can a child who has been operated on for congenital heart disease participate in sport and in which kind of sport? J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2006;7:234–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Sticker E, Lawrenz W. Held K. Die Kinderherzgruppe (KHG) – Positionspapier der DGPR. Z Kardiol. 2005;94:860–6.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Bellinger DC, Wypij D, duDuplessis AJ, Rappaport LA, Jonas RA, Wernovsky G, Newburger JW. Neurodevelopmental status at eight years in children with dextro-transposition of the great arteries: the Boston Circulatory Arrest Trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;126:1385–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Newburger JW, Wypij D, Bellinger DC, du Plessis AJ, Kuban KC, Rappaport LA, Almirall D, Wessel DL, Jonas RA, Wernovsky G. Length of stay after infant heart surgery is related to cognitive outcome at age 8 years. J Pediatr. 2003;143:67–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Wernovsky G, Newburger J. Neurologic and developmental morbidity in children with complex congenital heart disease. J Pediatr. 2003;142:6–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Majnemer A, Limperopoulos C, Shevell M, Rosenblatt B, Rohlicek C, Tchervenkov C. Long-term neuromotor outcome at school entry of infants with congenital heart defects requiring open-heart surgery. J Pediatr. 2006;148:72–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Dunbar-Masterson C, Wypij D, Bellinger DC, Rappaport LA, Baker AL, Jonas RA, Newburger JW. General health status of children with D-transposition of the great arteries after the arterial switch operation. Circulation. 2001;104(12 Suppl 1):I138–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Carey LK, Nicholson BC, Fox RA. Maternal factors related to parenting young children with congenital heart disease. J Pediatr Nurs. 2002;17:174–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Kong SG, Tay JS, Yip WC, Chay SO. Emotional and social effects of congenital heart disease in Singapore. Aust Paediatr J. 1986;22:101–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Uzark K, Jones K. Parenting stress and children with heart disease. J Pediatr Health Care. 2003;17:163–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Morelius E, Lundh U, Nelson N. Parental stress in relation to the severity of congenital heart disease in the offspring. Pediatr Nurs. 2002;28:28–32.

    Google Scholar 

  64. DeMaso DR, Campis LK, Wypij D, Bertram S, Lipshitz M, Freed M. The impact of maternal perceptions and medical severity on the adjustment of children with congenital heart disease. J Pediatr Psychol. 1991;16:137–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Van Horn M, DeMaso DR, Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Erickson JD. Illness-related concerns of mothers of children with congenital heart disease. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40:847–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Schickendantz S, Sticker EJ, Dordel S, Bjarnason-Wehrens B. Sport and physical activity in children with congenital heart disease. Dtsch Arztebl. 2007;104(9):A563–9.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Mitchell JH, Haskell W, Snell P, Van Camp SP. Task force 8: classification of sports. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1364–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Rhodes J, Curran TJ, Camil L, Rabideau N, Fulton DR, Gauthier NS, Gauvreau K, Jenkins KJ. Sustained effects of cardiac rehabilitation in children with serious congenital heart disease. Pediatrics. 2006;118:e586–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Rhodes J, Curran TJ, Camil L, Rabideau N, Fulton DR, Gauthier NS, Gauvreau K, Jenkins KJ. Impact of cardiac rehabilitation on the exercise function of children with serious congenital heart disease. Pediatrics. 2005;116:1339–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Fredriksen PM, Kahrs N, Blaasvaer S, Sigurdsen E, Gundersen O, Roeksund O, Norgaand G, Vik JT, Soerbye O, Ingjer E, et al. Effect of physical training in children and adolescents with congenital heart disease. Cardiol Young. 2000;10:107–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Moons P, Barrea C, De Wolf D, Gewillig M, Massin M, Mertens L, Ovaert C, Suys B, Sluysmans T. Changes in perceived health of children with congenital heart disease after attending a special sports camp. Pediatr Cardiol. 2006;27:67–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, Child JS, Connolly HM, Dearani JA, del Nido P, Fasules JW, Graham Jr TP, Hijazi ZM, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines on the management of adults with congenital heart disease). Circulation. 2008;118:e714–833.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Engelfriet P, Boersma E, Oechslin E, Tijssen J, Gatzoulis MA, Thilen U, Kaemmerer H, Moons P, Meijboom F, Popelova J, et al. The spectrum of adult congenital heart disease in Europe: morbidity and mortality in a 5 year follow-up period. The Euro heart Survey on adult congenital heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:2325–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Harrison DA, Liu P, Walters JE, Goodman JM, Siu SC, Webb GD, Williams WG, McLaughlin PR. Cardiopulmonary function in adult patients late after Fontan repair. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:1016–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Fredriksen PM, Therrien J, Veldtman G, Warsi MA, Liu P, Siu S, Williams W, Granton J, Webb G. Lung function and aerobic capacity in adult patients following modified Fontan procedure. Heart. 2001;85:295–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Iserin L, Chua TP, Chambers J, Coats AJ, Somerville J. Dyspnoea and exercise intolerance during cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with univentricular heart. The effects of chronic hypoxaemia and Fontan procedure. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:1350–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Fredriksen PM, Veldtman G, Hechter S, Therrien J, Chen A, Warsi MA, Freeman M, Liu P, Siu S, Thaulow E, et al. Aerobic capacity in adults with various congenital heart diseases. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87:310–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Paridon SM, Mitchell PD, Colan SD, Williams RV, Blaufox A, Li JS, Margossian R, Mital S, Russell J, Rhodes J. A cross-sectional study of exercise performance during the first 2 decades of life after the Fontan operation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:99–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Fredriksen PM, Chen A, Veldtman G, Hechter S, Therrien J, Webb G. Exercise capacity in adult patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Heart. 2001;85:191–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Fredriksen PM, Therrien J, Veldtman G, Ali Warsi M, Liu P, Thaulow E, Webb G. Aerobic capacity in adults with tetralogy of Fallot. Cardiol Young. 2002;12:554–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Diller GP, Dimopoulos K, Okonko D, Li W, Babu-Narayan SV, Broberg CS, Johansson B, Bouzas B, Mullen MJ, Poole-Wilson PA, et al. Exercise intolerance in adult congenital heart disease: comparative severity, correlates, and prognostic implication. Circulation. 2005;112:828–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Kempny A, Dimopoulos K, Uebing A, Moceri P, Swan L, Gatzoulis MA, et al. Reference values for exercise limitations among adults with congenital heart disease. Relation to activities of daily life–single centre experience and review of published data. A comprehensive review of CPETstudies in more than 4400 ACHD patients. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:1386–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Tutarel O, Gabriel H, Diller GP. Exercise: friend or foe in adult congenital heart disease? Curr Cardiol Rep. 2013;15:416.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Dimopoulos K, Okonko DO, Diller GP, Broberg CS, Salukhe TV, Babu-Narayan SV, Li W, Uebing A, Bayne S, Wensel R, Piepoli MF, Poole-Wilson PA, Francis DP, Gatzoulis MA. Abnormal ventilatory response to exercise in adults with congenital heart disease relates to cyanosis and predicts survival. Circulation. 2006;113:2796–802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Azarbal B, Hayes SW, Lewin HC, Hachamovitch R, Cohen I, Berman DS. The incremental prognostic value of percentage of heart rate reserve achieved over myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography in the prediction of cardiac death and all-cause mortality: superiority over 85 % of maximal age-predicted heart rate. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:423–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Norozi K, Wessel A, Alpers V, et al. Chronotropic incompetence in adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease after cardiac surgery. J Card Fail. 2007;13:263–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Butera G, Bonnet D, Sidi D, et al. Patients operated for tetralogy of Fallot and with non-sustained ventricular tachycardia have reduced heart rate variability. Herz. 2004;29:304–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Massin MM, Derkenne B, von Bernuth G. Correlations between indices of heart rate variability in healthy children and children with congenital heart disease. Cardiology. 1999;91:109–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. McLeod KA, Hillis WS, Houston AB, et al. Reduced heart rate variability following repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Heart. 1999;81:656–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Bouchardy J, Therrien J, Pilote L, Ionescu-Ittu R, Martucci G, Bottega N, Marelli AJ. Atrial arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease. Circulation. 2009;120:1679–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Cordina R, O'Meagher S, Gould H, Rae C, Kemp G, Pasco JA, Celermajer DS, Singh N. Skeletal muscle abnormalities and exercise capacity in adults with a Fontan circulation. Heart. 2013;99:1530–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Brassard P, Poirier P, Martin J, et al. Impact of exercise training on muscle function and ergoreflex in Fontan patients: a pilot study. Int J Cardiol. 2006;107:85–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Greutmann M, Le TL, Tobler D, et al. Generalised muscle weakness in young adults with congenital heart disease. Heart (Br Cardiac Soc). 2011;97:1164–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Inai K, Saita Y, Takeda S, et al. Skeletal muscle hemodynamics and endothelial function in patients after Fontan operation. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93:792–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Kröönström LA, Johansson L, Zetterström AK, Dellborg M, Eriksson P, Cider Å. Muscle function in adults with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol. 2014;170:358–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Budts W, Börjesson M, Chessa M, van Buuren F, Trindade PT, Corrado D, Heidbuchel H, Webb G, Holm J, Papadakis M. Physical activity in adolescents and adults with congenital heart defects; individualized exercise prescription. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:3669–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Dua JS, Cooper AR, Fox KR, Graham SA. Physical activity levels in adults with congenital heart disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007;14:287–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Müller J, Hess J, Hager A. Daily physical activity in adults with congenital heart disease is positively correlated with exercise capacity but not with quality of life. Clin Res Cardiol. 2012;101:55–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Sandberg C, Pomeroy J, Thilén U, Gradmark A, Wadell K, Johansson B. Habitual physical activity in adults with congenital heart disease compared with age- and sex-matched controls. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32:547e–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Tikkanen AU, Opotowsky AR, Bhatt AB, Landzberg MJ, Rhodes J. Physical activity is associated with improved aerobic exercise capacity over time in adults with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:4685–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Inuzuka R, Diller GP, Borgia F, Benson L, Tay EL, Alonso-Gonzalez R, et al. Comprehensive use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing identifies adults with congenital heart disease at increased mortality risk in the medium term. Circulation. 2012;125:250–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Swan L, Hillis WS. Exercise prescription in adults with congenital heart disease: a long wayto go. Heart. 2000;83:685–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Gratz A, Hess J, Hager A. Self-estimated physical functioning poorly predicts actual exercise capacity in adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:497–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Lunt D, Briffa T, Briffa NK, Ramsay J. Physical activity levels of adolescents with congenital heart disease. Aust J Physiother. 2003;49:43–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Piepoli MF, Conraads V, Corra U, Dickstein K, Francis DP, Jaarsm T, McMurray J, Pieske B, Piotrowicz E, Schmid JP, Anker SD, Cohen Solal A, Filippatos GS, Hoes AW, Gielen S, Giannuzzi P, Ponikowski PP. Exercise training in heart failure: from theory to practice. A consensus document of the Heart Failure Association and the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13:347–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Therrien J, Fredriksen P, Walker M, Granton J, Reid GJ, Webb G. A pilot study of exercise training in adult patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Can J Cardiol. 2003;19:685–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Winter MM, van der Bom T, de Vries LC, Balducci A, Bouma BJ, Pieper PG, et al. Exercise training improves exercise capacity in adult patients with a systemic right ventricle: a randomized clinical trial. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:1378–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Westhoff-Bleck M, Schieffer B, Tegtbur U, Meyer GP, Hoy L, Schaefer A, Tallone EM, Tutarel O, Mertins R, Wilmink LM, Anker SD, Bauersachs J, Roentgen P. Aerobic training in adults after atrial switch procedure for transposition of the great arteries improves exercise capacity without impairing systemic right ventricular function. Int J Cardiol. 2013;170:24–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Dua JS, Cooper AR, Fox KR, Graham SA. Exercise training in adults with congenital heart disease: feasibility and benefits. Int J Cardiol. 2010;138:196–205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Thaulow E, Fredriksen PM. Exercise and training in adults with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol. 2004;97(Suppl 1):35–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sportuniversity Colgene, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933, Germany

    Birna Bjarnason-Wehrens & Sigrid Dordel

  2. Department of Peadiatric Cardiology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, Salzburg, 50937, Germany

    Sabine Schickendantz, Narayanswami Sreeram & Konrad Brockmeier

Authors
  1. Birna Bjarnason-Wehrens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sigrid Dordel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sabine Schickendantz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Narayanswami Sreeram
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Konrad Brockmeier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Birna Bjarnason-Wehrens .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University Institute of Sports Medicine Prevention and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University Institute of Sports Medicine of the State of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

    Josef Niebauer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bjarnason-Wehrens, B., Dordel, S., Schickendantz, S., Sreeram, N., Brockmeier, K. (2017). Exercise Training in Congenital Heart Diseases. In: Niebauer, J. (eds) Cardiac Rehabilitation Manual. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47738-1_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47738-1_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-47737-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-47738-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation