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Platelets and Immunity

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Platelets in Thrombotic and Non-Thrombotic Disorders

Abstract

Over the last several decades, a new paradigm of platelet function has evolved. Platelets, long forgotten hemostatic cells, were demonstrated to be versatile immune effector cells engaged in every compartment of the immune system. Platelets express multiple immune receptors, such as toll-like receptors, allowing them to sense both pathogen- and danger-associated signals. Upon activation, platelets release a large array of biologically active molecules, like cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, many of which are delivered in platelet-derived microparticles. Rich platelet transcriptome allows for signal-dependent translation and protein synthesis, and platelets are considered the main source of circulating microRNA. Platelets avidly interact with immune cells, endothelial cells, neutrophils, and monocytes in particular. Platelets were shown to propagate and modulate the inflammatory response of other immune cells in sterile inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis and metabolic diseases, acute lung injury, ischemia reperfusion, and autoimmune diseases. Platelets are directed to the sites of infection and directly interact with pathogens. They contribute to elimination of pathogens by phagocytosis, release of microbicidal peptides, and signaling to other immune cells. Their interaction with neutrophils triggers release of neutrophil extracellular traps, a potent mechanism to entrap bacteria in flowing blood. Platelets were recently shown to be involved in adaptive immunity and possibly link innate and adaptive responses together. Fast flowing in the bloodstream, readily available for cellular interactions, able to sense signals from pathogens and damaged tissue, and packed with multiple immune mediators, platelets arise as immune sentinels forming an integral part of our immune system.

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Abbreviations

ADP:

Adenosine diphosphate

AGEs:

Advanced glycation end products

ALI:

Acute lung injury

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

C1:

C1 esterase inhibitor

CCL2:

Chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2, or monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1)

CCL3:

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3, or macrophage inhibitory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1α)

CCL5:

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5, or regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)

CCL7:

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7, or monocyte chemotactic protein 3 (MCP-3)

CCL17:

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17, or thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)

CCR1:

C–C chemokine receptor type 1, or CD191

CCR3:

C–C chemokine receptor type 3, or CD193

CCR4:

C–C chemokine receptor type 4, or CD194

CD11a/CD18:

Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1, or LFA-1

CD11b/CD18:

Macrophage antigen 1, or Mac-1

CD14:

Cluster of differentiation 14

CD154:

Cluster of differentiation 154, or CD40L

CD31:

Cluster of differentiation 31, or PECAM-1

CD36:

Cluster of differentiation 36

CD40:

Cluster of differentiation 40

CD40L:

Cluster of differentiation 40 ligand; or CD154

CD41:

Cluster of differentiation 41

CD8+:

T cells expressing cluster of differentiation 8 on their surface

circRNA:

Circular ribonucleic acid

CLEC-2:

C-type lectin-like receptor 2

CXCL1:

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, or GRO1 oncogene, GROα, KC, neutrophil-activating protein 3 (NAP-3), melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha (MGSA-α)

CXCL4:

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4, or platelet factor 4 (PF4)

CXCL5:

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5, or ENA-78

CXCL7:

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7, or beta thromboglobulin 1 (βTG1), pro-platelet basic protein (PPBP)

CXCL8:

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8, interleukin 8 (IL-8)

CXCL16:

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16

CXCR4:

C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4, or CD184

DAMPs:

Damage-associated molecular patterns

DC(s):

Dendritic cell(s)

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EAE:

Experimental autoimmune encephalitis

EMCV:

Encephalomyocarditis virus

ENA-78:

Epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78, or CXCL5

Factor V, VII, XI, XIII:

Coagulation factors V, VII, XI, XIII

FcγRIIA:

Immunoglobulin receptor Fc gamma IIA, or CD32

FoxP3:

Forkhead box P3, or scurfin

FPR:

Formyl peptide receptor

FPR1:

N-formyl peptide receptor 1

FPR-L1:

N-formyl peptide receptor like 1

GPIb:

Glycoprotein Ib

GPIb-V-IX:

Membrane glycoprotein Ib, V and IX complex

GPIbα:

Glycoprotein Ib alpha

GPIIb:

Glycoprotein IIb, or integrin αIIb

GPIIbIIIa:

Glycoprotein IIbIIIa

GPVI:

Glycoprotein VI

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HMGB-1:

High-mobility group box 1

HSPs:

Heat shock proteins

ICAM-1:

Intercellular adhesion molecule 1

ICAM-2:

Intercellular adhesion molecule 2, or CD102

IFNα:

Interferon alpha

IgG:

Immunoglobulin G

IgM:

Immunoglobulin M

IL-1β:

Interleukin-1 beta

IL-1R:

Interleukin-1 receptor

IL-1α:

Interleukin-1 alpha

IL-6:

Interleukin 6

IL-8:

Interleukin 8, or CXCL8

IL-10:

Interleukin 10

IL-12p70:

Interleukin 12, or cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor (CLMF)

JAM-3:

Junctional adhesion molecule 3

JAM-C:

Junctional adhesion molecule C

LFA-1:

Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1; or CD11a/CD18

LCMV:

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

Mac-1:

Macrophage antigen 1, or CD11b/CD18

MD2:

Lymphocyte antigen 96

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemotactic protein 1, or chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2)

MCP-3:

Monocyte chemotactic protein 3, or chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7)

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

MIP-1α:

Macrophage inhibitory protein 1 alpha, or chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3)

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

miRNA:

Micro ribonucleic acid

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

MyD88:

Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88

NET(s):

Neutrophil extracellular trap(s)

NFkB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

NK cells:

Natural killer cells

OLT:

Orthotopic liver transplantation

P2Y12:

Platelet adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor 12

PAF:

Platelet-activating factor

PAMPs:

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

PAI-1:

Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PECAM-1:

Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1

PF4:

Platelet factor 4, or CXCL4

PPARγ:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

pre-mRNA:

Pre-messenger ribonucleic acid

PRRs:

Pathogen recognition receptors

PSGL-1:

P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1

RA:

Rheumatoid arthritis

RAGE:

Receptor for advanced glycation end products

RANTES:

Regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted, or CCL5

RES:

Reticuloendothelial system

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SLE:

Systemic lupus erythematosus

SSRI:

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

TF:

Tissue factor

TFPI:

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor beta

TLR1:

Toll-like receptor 1

TLR2:

Toll-like receptor 2

TLR3:

Toll-like receptor 3

TLR4:

Toll-like receptor 4

TLR5:

Toll-like receptor 5

TLR6:

Toll-like receptor 6

TLR7:

Toll-like receptor 7

TLR9:

Toll-like receptor 9

TLR(s):

Toll-like receptor(s)

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

tRNA:

Transfer ribonucleic acid

Treg :

T regulatory cells

TSP-1:

Thrombospondin-1

TXA2 :

Thromboxane A2

VASP:

Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein

VCAM-1:

Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; or CD106

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

vWf:

Von Willebrand factor

α2β1:

Integrin α2β1, or GPIa/IIa

α5β1:

Integrin α5β1

α6β1:

Integrin α6β1

αIIβ3:

Intergrin αIIβ3, or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, GPIIbIIIa

αvβ3:

Integrin αvβ3, or CD51/CD61

βTG:

Beta thromboglobulin, or CXCL7

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, 1403 29 St NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 2T9

    Ingrid Slaba

  2. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1

    Paul Kubes

  3. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

    Paul Kubes

Authors
  1. Ingrid Slaba
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  2. Paul Kubes
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Correspondence to Paul Kubes .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia , Perugia, Italy

    Paolo Gresele

  2. Houston Methodist Hospital , Houston, Texas, USA

    Neal S. Kleiman

  3. Bloodworks Northwest, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA

    José A. Lopez

  4. Sackler Inst of Pulmonary Pharmacol, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

    Clive P. Page

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Slaba, I., Kubes, P. (2017). Platelets and Immunity. In: Gresele, P., Kleiman, N., Lopez, J., Page, C. (eds) Platelets in Thrombotic and Non-Thrombotic Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47462-5_34

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