Abstract
Tunisia and Morocco are among the North African Arabic and Islamic states. The two countries have data privacy systems that are largely inspired by the European data protection standards. Both of them have been recently invited by the Council of Europe to accede to its Convention 108 concerning the protection of personal data and its Additional Protocol. Prior to that in 1990s, the European Union signed Association Agreements (AAs) with Tunisia and Morocco for trading relations. The AAs have Annexes of fundamental principles of data protection. This chapter provides an overview of Tunisian and Moccan data protection systems and how such systems developed in a region rich in Arabic and Islamic cultures.
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Notes
- 1.
Country Facts: Tunisia-Economy http://country-facts.com/en/countries/africa/tunisia/9640-tunisia-economy.html accessed 22.02.2016.
- 2.
Ibid.
- 3.
Wagner (2012), Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 484–492 at p. 484.
- 4.
Silver (2011), http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-12-12/tunisia-after-revolt-can-alter-e-mails-with-big-brother-software accessed 22.02.2016.
- 5.
CRID (2010a), Analysis of the Adequacy of Protection of Personal Data Provided in Tunisia, p. 32.
- 6.
Ibid, p. 33.
- 7.
Afef (2015), http://igmena.org/Shaping-fair-and-reasonable-privacy-and-data-protection-laws-in-Tunisia accessed 21.02.2016.
- 8.
CRID (n5), p. 123.
- 9.
European Commission, Countries and Regions: Trade, http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/morocco/ accessed 24.01.2016.
- 10.
Ibid.
- 11.
For a critical appraisal, see Marti´N (2009), Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 239–245. See also, Brach (2006), https://giga.hamburg/en/system/files/publications/wp36_brach.pdf accessed 24.01.2016.
- 12.
Privacy International (2015), https://www.privacyinternational.org/sites/default/files/Their%20Eyes%20on%20Me%20-%20English_0.pdf accessed 20.01.2016.
- 13.
Ibid, p. 9.
- 14.
Ibid.
- 15.
Loi n° 09–08 Relative à la Protection des Personnes Physiques à l’égard du Traitement des Données à Caractère Personnel 2009.
- 16.
Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances, Dé loc a l i s a t ion de s a c t i v i t é s de s e r v i c e s au Ma roc, Etat de s l i eux e t oppor tuni t é s Juillet 2008, p. 15, http://www.finances.gov.ma/depf/publications/en_catalogue/etudes/2008/delocalisation.pdf last accessed 25.01.2016.
- 17.
Joint Proposal for a COUNCIL DECISION on the Union position within the Association Council set up by the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part, with regard to the adoption of a recommendation on the implementation of the EU-Morocco Action Plan implementing the advanced status (2013–2017)/* JOIN/2013/06 final - 2013/0107 (NLE)*/.
- 18.
Ibid, para 2.8.
- 19.
The ‘ACHIEVING ADVANCED STATUS’ Program (Programme: ‘Réussir le Statut Avancé’) Project no. ENPI/2011/022, 778, http://www.sida.se/globalassets/abstract-twinning-project-cndp.pdf accessed 25.01.2016.
- 20.
Ibid.
- 21.
- 22.
Ihrai (2014), http://www.phaedra-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/Maurice-Phaedra.pdf accessed 25.01.2016.
- 23.
CRID (2010b).
- 24.
For a critical appraisal, see Makulilo (2013), Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 42–50.
- 25.
Gayrel (2012) No. 115, pp. 18–20, at p. 20.
- 26.
Ibid.
- 27.
Ibid.
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Documents
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CRID (2010a) Analysis of the Adequacy of Protection of Personal Data Provided in Tunisia
CRID (2010b) Analyse du Niveau d’Adequation du Systeme de Protection des Donnees dans le Royaume du Maroc
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Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances (2008) Dé loc a l i s a t ion de s a c t i v i t é s de s e r v i c e s au Ma roc, Etat de s l i eux e t oppor tuni t é s, http://www.finances.gov.ma/depf/publications/en_catalogue/etudes/2008/delocalisation.pdf
Privacy International (2015) Their Eyes on Me: Stories of Surveillance in Morocco, https://www.privacyinternational.org/sites/default/files/Their%20Eyes%20on%20Me%20-%20English_0.pdf
Silver V (2011) Post-Revolt Tunisia Can Alter E-Mail With “Big Brother” Software, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-12-12/tunisia-after-revolt-can-alter-e-mails-with-big-brother-software
The ‘ACHIEVING ADVANCED STATUS’ Program (Programme: ‘Réussir le Statut Avancé’) Project no. ENPI/2011/022, 778, http://www.sida.se/globalassets/abstract-twinning-project-cndp.pdf
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Makulilo, A.B. (2016). Data Protection in North Africa: Tunisia and Morocco. In: Makulilo, A. (eds) African Data Privacy Laws. Law, Governance and Technology Series(), vol 33. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47317-8_2
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