Abstract
New technologies have changed the structure of companies shifting the focus of creating value from material resources to intangibles. The competitive advantage is increasingly reliant on the presence of specific intangibles such as knowledge, experience, communication skills that are the main source of competitive advantage. Among the intangibles based on knowledge, intellectual capital certainly occupies a prominent place. In recent years the increasing complexity that characterized the business management influenced companies to adopt new models of reporting and accounting, taking into account issues and intangible factors not considered so far with the right attention. The objective of this work, starting with a review of the existing literature on intellectual capital, intends not only to identify the most important intangibles within enterprises and classify them according to the three blocks which intellectual capital is divided (human capital, structural and relational capital), but also to show a number of indicators that can help them measure. Therefore the aim of the work is to build an integrated framework containing appropriate intellectual capital indicators useful to represent and measure this resource within companies. The sample is made up of the Italian companies listed on the stock exchange operating in different sectors, for the period 2011–2014.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abramovitz, M., & David, P. A. (2000). American macroeconomic growth in the era of knowledge-based progress: The long-run perspective. In S. L. Engerman & R. E. Gallman (Eds.), An economic history of the United States: The twentieth century (Vol. 3, pp. 1–92). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bontis, N. (1998). The intellectual capital: An exploratory study that develops measures and models. Management Decision, 36(2), 63–76.
Bontis, N., & Fitzenz, J. (2002). Intellectual capital ROI: A causal map of human capital antecedents and consequents. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 3(3), 223–247.
Brooking, A. (1996). Intellectual capital: Core asset for the third millennium enterprise. London: International Thomson Business Press.
Carroll, R. F., & Tansey, R. R. (2000). Intellectual capital in the new internet economy: Its meaning measurement and management for enhancing quality. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 1(2), 296–311.
Corrado, C. A., Sichel, D. E., & Hulten, C. R. (2006). Intangible capital and economic growth (Finance and Economic Discussion Series 2006–24). Washington, DC: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
Dowling, J., & Pfeffer, J. (1975). Organizational legitimacy: Social values and organizational, behavior. The Pacific Sociological Review, 18(1), 122–136.
Edvinsson, L. (1997). Developing intellectual capital at Skandia. Long Range Planning, 30(3), 366–373.
Edvinsson, L., & Malone, M. (1997). Intellectual capital: Realizing your company’s true value by finding its hidden brainpower. New York: HarperCollins.
Fombrun, C. J. (1996). Reputation: Realizing value from the corporate image. Harvard: Harvard Business School Press.
Fombrun, C., & Shanley, M. (1990). What’s in a name? Reputation building and corporate strategy. Academy of Management Journal, 33(2), 233–258.
Galor, O., & Moav, O. (2004). From physical to human capital accumulation: Inequality and the process of development. Review of Economic Studies, 71, 1001–1026.
Greenhalgh, C., & Rogers, M. (2006). The value of innovation: The interaction of competition, R&D and IP. Research Policy, 35(4), 562–580.
Hall, B. H., Jaffe, A., & Trajtenberg, M. (2005). Market value and patent citations. RAND Journal of Economics, 36(1), 16–38.
Klock, M., & Megna, P. (2000). Measuring and valuing intangible capital in the wireless communications industry. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 40(4), 519–532.
Kullti, K., Takalo, T., & Tanayama, T. (2015). R&D spillovers and information exchange: A case study. Eurasian Economic Review, 5(1), 63–76.
Kuuru, T. K., & Tuominen, P. (2016). Creating a conceptual framework for corporate brand positioning. In M. H. Bilgin, H. Danis, E. Demir, & U. Can (Eds.), Proceedings of the 14th Eurasia Business and Economics Society Conference-Business Challenges in the Changing Economic Landscape (Vol. 2, pp. 177–196). Switzerland: Springer.
Lev, B. (2001). Intangibles: Management, measurement, and reporting. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Marrocu, E., Paci, R., & Pontis, M. (2009). Intangible capital and firms productivity (Working Paper IAREG WP5/12). University of Cagliari, CRENoS.
O’Mahony, M., & Vecchi, M. (2009). R&D, knowledge spillovers and company productivity performance. Research Policy, 38(1), 35–44.
Oliner, S. D., Sichel, D., & Stiroh, K. (2007). Explaining productive decade (Finance and Economics Discussion Series). Washington, DC: Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board.
Pike, S., Fernström, L., & Roos, G. (2005). Intellectual capital. Management approach in ICS Ltd. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 6(4), 489–509.
Roos, J., Roos, G., Edvinsson, L., & Dragonetti, N. (1997). Intellectual capital. Navigating in the new business landscape. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press.
Saint-Onge, H. (1996). Tacit knowledge: The key to the strategic alignment of intellectual capital. Strategy and Leadership, 24(2), 10–14.
Stewart, T. A. (1997). Intellectual capital: The new wealth of organizations, Doubleday/Currency. New York: Crown Business.
Sudarsanam, S., Sorwar, G., & Marr, B. (2006). Real options and the impact of intellectual capital on corporate value. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 7(3), 291–308.
Sullivan, P. H., & Sullivan, P. H. S. (2000). Valuing intangibles companies: An intellectual capital approach. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 1(4), 328–340.
Sveiby, K. E. (1997a). The new organizational wealth: Managing and measuring knowledge-based assets. New York: Berrett-Koehler.
Sveiby, K. E. (1997b). The intangible asset monitor. Journal of Human Resource Costing and Accounting, 2(1), 73–97.
Vergauwen, P., Bollen, L., & Oirbans, E. (2007). Intellectual capital disclosure and intangible value drivers: An empirical study. Management Decision, 45(7), 1163–1180.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Baldini, M.A., Bronzetti, G., Sicoli, G. (2017). A Framework to Measure Intellectual Capital. In: Bilgin, M., Danis, H., Demir, E., Can, U. (eds) Country Experiences in Economic Development, Management and Entrepreneurship. Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics, vol 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46319-3_32
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46319-3_32
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-46318-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-46319-3
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)