Abstract
Inflammatory diseases of the subcutaneous fat are common causes of diagnostic difficulties as different types of panniculitis can overlap in their clinical and histological presentation. Whenever a panniculitis is suspected, a specimen from a deep incisional biopsy and adequate clinical correlation are essential to reach a definitive diagnosis. It is also important to consider that subcutaneous fat may also be secondarily involved from deep cutaneous infections, metastatic tumors, radiotherapy, and vasculitis.
In this chapter, in addition to the different types of panniculitis, lipodystrophy on an etiological basis is discussed.
References
Ackerman AB, Guo Y, Vitale PA (1991) Clues to diagnosis in dermatopathology. ASCP Press, Chicago
Bielsa I, Ariza A (2007) Deep morphea. Semin Cutan Med Surg 26(2):90–95
Bolotin D, Duffy KL, Petronic-Rosic V, Rhee CJ, Myers PJ, Stein SL (2011) Cold panniculitis following ice therapy for cardiac arrhythmia. Pediatr Dermatol 28(2):192–194
Briki H, Bouaziz JD, Molinier-Frenkel V, Delfau-Larue MH, Ortonne N, Bagot M (2010) Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma αβ: complete sustained remission with corticosteroids and methotrexate. Br J Dermatol 163(5):1136–1138
Campbell LB, Miller OF 3rd (2006) Intralesional triamcinolone in the management of lipodermatosclerosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 55(1):166–168
Campos LM, Miot LDB, Marques MEA, Miot HA (2019) Case for diagnosis. Noninfectious suppurative panniculitis induced by mesotherapy with deoxycholate. An Bras Dermatol 94(6):754–756
Cerroni L (2014) Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma. In: Skin lymphoma: the illustrated guide, 4th edn. Wiley
Cortés VA, Fernández-Galilea M (2015) Lipodystrophies: adipose tissue disorders with severe metabolic implications. J Physiol Biochem 71(3):471–478
Cusack CA, Fanelli M (2014) Panniculitis. In: Lebwohl M, Heymann W, Berth-Jones J, Coulson I (eds) Treatment of skin disease, 4th edn. Elsevier Saunders, London, p 526
Delgado-Jimenez Y, Fraga J, García-Díez A (2008) Infective panniculitis. Dermatol Clin 26(4):471–480
Diamantis S, Bastek T, Groben P, Morrell D (2006) Subcutaneous fat necrosis in a newborn following ice bag application for treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. J Perinatol 26(8):518–520
Esfandiari HN, Rubenfire M, Neidert HA, Hench R, Jalal Eldin A, Meral R, Oral EA (2019) Diagnosis of acquired generalized lipodystrophy in a single patient with T-cell lymphoma and no exposure to Metreleptin. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 5:4
Fett N, Werth VP (2011) Update on morphea: part I. epidemiology, clinical presentation, and pathogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol 64(2):217–228
Frumholtz L, Roux J, Bagot M, Rybojad M, Bouaziz J (2016) Treatment of generalized deep morphea with everolimus. JAMA Dermatol 152(10):1170–1172
García-Porrúa C, González-Gay MA, Vázquez-Caruncho M, López-Lazaro L, Lueiro M, Fernández ML, Alvarez-Ferreira J, Pujol RM (2000) Erythema nodosum: etiologic and predictive factors in a defined population. Arthritis Rheum 43(3):584–592
García-Romero D, Vanaclocha F (2008) Pancreatic panniculitis. Dermatol Clin 26(4):465–470
Garg A (2004) Acquired and inherited lipodystrophies. N Engl J Med 350(12):1220–1234
Garg A (2011) Lipodystrophies: genetic and acquired body fat disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(11):3313–3325
Gilchrist H, Patterson JW (2010) Erythema nodosum and erythema induratum (nodular vasculitis): diagnosis and management. Dermatol Ther 23(4):320–327
Hanauer SB (1998) How do I treat erythema nodosum, aphthous ulcerations, and pyoderma gangrenosum? Inflamm Bowel Dis 4(1):70
Hansen CB, Callen JP (2010) Connective tissue panniculitis: lupus panniculitis, dermatomyositis, morphea/scleroderma. Dermatol Ther 23(4):341–349
Herouy Y (2000) Lipodermatosclerosis and compression stockings. J Am Acad Dermatol 42(2 Pt 1):307–308
Hussain I, Garg A (2016) Lipodystrophy syndromes. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 45(4):783–797
Kamath S, Vaccaro SA, Rea TH, Ochoa MT (2014) Recognizing and managing the immunologic reactions in leprosy. J Am Acad Dermatol 71(4):795–803
Karkouche R, Bernigaud C, Fontugne J, Zehou O, Bellaud G, N’Diaye M, Cherif K, Wolkenstein P, Chosidow O, Ortonne N, Ingen-Housz-Oro S (2017) Cold-associated perniosis of the thighs histopathologically mimicking lupus. Six obervations. J Eur Acad Venereol 31(6):1029–1032
Krawiec P, Melges B, Pac-Kozuchowska E, Mroczkowska-Juchkiewicz A, Czerska K (2016) Fitting the pieces of the puzzle together: a case report of the Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy in the adolescent girl. BMC Pediatr 16:38
Lyon MJ (2010) Metabolic panniculitis: alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency panniculitis and pancreatic panniculitis. Dermatol Ther 23(4):368–374
Miteva M, Romanelli P, Kirsner RS (2010) Lipodermatosclerosis. Dermatol Ther 23(4):375–388
Montenegro Junior RM, Paiva Lima GEC, Oliveira Fernandes V, Rangel Montenegro APD, Melo Ponte CM, Vasconcelos Martins L, Pascoalino Pinheiro D, Amaral de Moraes ME, Odorico de Moraes M, Brasil d’Alva C (2020) Leu124Serfs*26, a novel AGPAT2 mutation in congenital generalized lipodystrophy with early cardiovascular complications. Diabetol Metab Syndr 12:28
Morrison LK, Rapini R, Willison CB, Tyring S (2010) Infection and panniculitis. Dermatol Ther 23(4):328–340
Mowla MR, Ara S, Mizanur Rahman AFM, Tripura SP, Paul S (2017) Leprosy reactions in postelimination stage: the Bangladesh experience. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 31(4):705–711
Ng PP, Tan SH, Tan T (2002) Lupus erythematous panniculitis: a clinicopathological study. Int J Dermatol 41(8):488–490
Oliveira J, Freitas P, Lau E, Carvalho D (2016) Barraquer-Simons syndrome: a rare form of acquired lipodystrophy. BMC Res Notes 9:175
Patterson JW (2012) Panniculitis. In: Bolognia JL, Schaffer JV, Cerroni L (eds) Dermatology, 3rd edn. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, p 1641
Pekki A, Sauni R, Vaalasti A, Toivio P, Huotari-Orava R, Hasan T (2011) Cold panniculitis in Finnish horse riders. Acta Derm Venereol 91(4):463–464
Pope E, Janson A, Khambalia A, Feldman B (2006) Childhood acquired lipodystrophy: a retrospective study. J Am Acad Dermatol 55(6):947–950
Requena L, Sánchez Yus E (2001) Panniculitis. Part II. Mostly lobular panniculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 45(3):325–361
Requena L, Yus ES (2001) Panniculitis. Part I. mostly septal panniculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 45(2):163–183
Sabroe RA, Wallington TB, Kennedy CT (1995) Dermatomyositis treated with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins and associated with panniculitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 20(2):164–167
Saenz IB, Meeker J, Jalali O, Lynch MC (2018) Cold-induced dermatosis: case report and review of the literatures. Am J Dermatopathol 40(4):291–294
Santucci M, Pimpinelli N, Massi D, Kadin ME, Meijer CJ, Müller-Hermelink HK, Paulli M, Wechsler J, Willemze R, Audring H, Bernengo MG, Cerroni L, Chimenti S, Chott A, Díaz-Pérez JL, Dippel E, Duncan LM, Feller AC, Geerts ML, Hallermann C, Kempf W, Russell-Jones R, Sander C, Berti E (2003) Cytotoxic natural killer cell cutaneous lymphomas: report of the EORTC cutaneous lymphoma task force workshop. Cancer 97(3):610–627
Segal S, Cooper J, Bolognia J (2000) Treatment of lipodermatosclerosis with oxandrolone in a patient with stanozolol-induced hepatotoxicity. J Am Acad Dermatol 43(3):558–559
Snow JL, Su WPD (1996) Lipomembranous (membranocystic) fat necrosis: clinicopathologic correlation of 38 cases. Am J Dermatopathol 18(2):151–155
Soulard R, Souraud JB, Landais C, Le Hemon A, Gaillard T, Fouet B (2010) Histopathology of a granulomatous lobular panniculitis in acute Q fever: a case report. J Cutan Pathol 37(8):870–876
Sterling JB, Heymann WR (2000) Potassium iodide in dermatology: a 19th centrury drug for the 21st century-uses, pharmacology, adverse effects, and contraindications. J Am Acad Dermatol 43(4):691–697
Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, Thiele J, Vardiman JW (2008) Subcutaneous panniculitis- like T-cell lymphoma. In: WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 294–295
Taj FT, Vyshak BM (2019) Acquired partial lipodystrophy: Barraquer –Simons syndrome: a rare case report. Our Dermatol Online 10(1):59–61
Thurber S, Kohler S (2006) Histopathologic spectrum of erythema nodosum. J Cutan Pathol 33(1):18–26
Tsukamoto Y, Katsunobu Y, Omura Y, Maeda I, Hirai M, Teshima H, Konishi Y, Inoue T, Sato T (2006) Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma: successful initial treatment with prednisolone and cyclosporin a. Intern Med 45(1):21–24
Valverde R, Rosales B, Ortiz-de-Frutos FJ, Rodríguez-Peralto JL, Ortiz-Romero PL (2008) Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency panniculitis. Dermatol Clin 26(4):447–451
Vantyghem MC, Balavoine AS, Douillard C, Defrance F, Dieudonne L, Mouton F, Lemaire C, Bertrand-Escouflaire N, Bourdelle-Hego MF, Devemy F, Evrard A, Gheerbrand D, Girardot C, Gumuche S, Hober C, Topolinski H, Lamblin B, Mycinski B, Ryndak A, Karrouz W, Duvivier E, Merlen E, Cortet C, Weill J, Lacroix D, Wémeau JL (2012) How to diagnose a lipodystrophy syndrome. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 73(3):170–189
Vesić S, Vuković J, Medenica LJ, Pavlović MD (2008) Acute lipodermatosclerosis: an open clinical trial of stanozol in patients unable to sustain compression therapy. Dermatol Online J 14(2):1
Walker SL, Balagon M, Darlong J, Doni SN, Hagge DA, Halwai V, John A, Lambert SM, Maghanoy A, Nery JA, Neupane KD, Nicholls PG, Pai VV, Parajuli P, Sales AM, Sarno E, Shah M, Tsegaye D, Lockwood DN (2015) ENLIST 1: an international multicentre cross-sectional study of the clinical features of erythema nodosum leprosum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(9):e0004065
Walsh SN, Santa Cruz DJ (2010) Lipodermatosclerosis: a clinicopathological study of 25 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 62(6):1005–1012
Willemze R, Jansen PM, Cerroni L, Berti E, Santucci M, Assaf C, Canninga-van Dijk MR, Carlotti A, Geerts ML, Hahtola S, Hummel M, Jeskanen L, Kempf W, Massone C, Ortiz-Romero PL, Paulli M, Petrella T, Ranki A, Peralto JL, Robson A, Senff NJ, Vermeer MH, Wechsler J, Whittaker S, Meijer CJ (2008) Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma: definition, classification, and prognostic factors: an EORTC cutaneous lymphoma group study of 83 cases. Blood 111(2):838–845
Winkelmann RK (1983) Panniculitis in connective tissue disease. Arch Dermatol 119(4):336–344
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
de Sousa, V.C., Brasileiro, A., Borges, A.S., Pinheiro, R., Oliveira, A. (2021). Subcutaneous Fat. In: Smoller, B., Bagherani, N. (eds) Atlas of Dermatology, Dermatopathology and Venereology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45134-3_42-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45134-3_42-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-45134-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-45134-3
eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine