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Mechanisms of Memory Consolidation and Transformation

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Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory Consolidation

Abstract

Memory consolidation is a dynamic process occurring over the lifetime of a memory, yet the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The hippocampus is considered to be a critical structure for the acquisition, initial storage, and retrieval of a memory, but there is considerable debate over the continuing role of the hippocampus in representing a memory as it ages. Studies in rodents and humans both point towards a reorganization of hippocampus-dependent memory traces in the cortex over time, but when and how long it takes these large-scale network changes to occur is uncertain. In this chapter, we address how a memory that is initially dependent on the hippocampus becomes represented in the cortex, independently of the hippocampus. We also discuss how the quality of the memory changes (transforms) as the trace reorganizes over time, with a focus on hippocampal-cortical interactions as described by Trace Transformation Theory (TTT), and consider the degree to which evidence related to the mechanistic basis of memory consolidation in rodents applies to complex human memory. We conclude that theories like TTT provide a new approach to thinking about consolidation as an ongoing and interactive process involving the hippocampus, mPFC, and other brain regions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For this review, we will focus primarily on the type of memory that depends on the hippocampus for initial acquisition, including episodic memory in humans and episodic-like contextual and spatial memory in rodents.

Abbreviations

aCC :

Anterior cingulate cortex

CREB :

Cyclic-AMP response element binding protein

IEG :

Immediate early gene

L-LTP :

Late phase long-term potentiation

mPFC :

Medial prefrontal cortex

MTL :

Medial temporal lobe

MTT :

Multiple Trace Theory

PFC :

Prefrontal cortex

PRP :

Plasticity-related protein

SCT :

Standard Consolidation Theory

TGRA :

Temporally-graded retrograde amnesia

TTT :

Trace Transformation Theory

fMRI :

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

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Acknowledgements

The preparation of this chapter was supported by a grant to MM and GW from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR—grant # MGP 6694). Research by the authors reported in this paper was supported by CIHR grant MGP 6694 and by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council to GW (# A8181) and MM (# A8347). MJS was supported by a CIHR post-doctoral fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada

    Melanie J. Sekeres, Morris Moscovitch & Gordon Winocur

  2. Department of Psychology, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada

    Morris Moscovitch

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada

    Melanie J. Sekeres, Morris Moscovitch & Gordon Winocur

  4. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada

    Gordon Winocur

  5. Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA

    Melanie J. Sekeres

  6. Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada

    Gordon Winocur

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  1. Melanie J. Sekeres
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  2. Morris Moscovitch
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  3. Gordon Winocur
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Correspondence to Melanie J. Sekeres , Morris Moscovitch or Gordon Winocur .

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  1. Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Nikolai Axmacher

  2. University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

    Björn Rasch

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Sekeres, M.J., Moscovitch, M., Winocur, G. (2017). Mechanisms of Memory Consolidation and Transformation. In: Axmacher, N., Rasch, B. (eds) Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory Consolidation. Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45066-7_2

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