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Cytokines and Chemokines

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Neuroimmune Pharmacology

Abstract

The role of cytokines and chemokines in neuroimmune regulation is highly broad and complex, due to the overwhelming number of molecules and their overlapping, synergizing and antagonizing effects of various factors. Classifying any individual factor or family of factors as beneficial or detrimental oversimplifies the interactions between various cell types and the signaling cascades initiated by them. Instead, cytokines need to be considered as a balanced network, where subtle modifications can shift cells towards different outcomes such as death, proliferation, migration, and induction of inflammation or inhibition of immune responses. Prolonged inflammation has a profound impact on the cytokine network and the cells they target, consequently altering the outcome of cell populations. The central nervous system is a unique environment that is exquisitely sensitive to cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines; the dysregulation that is rampant during neurodegenerative diseases permanently transforms brain function. The profile of cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines presented in the brain likely dictate the fate of neurons in the diseases. The understanding of cytokines, growth factor, and chemokine effects and how the expression or activity of those factors can be manipulated may provide the key to diagnosing or treating neuroimmunological diseases.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by research grants by the National Institutes of Health: R01 NS41858-01, 2R56NS041858-15A1 (JZ), and R03 NS094071-01 (YH). We thank Drs. Nathan Erdmann and Terry D. Hexum for the scientific editing of the previous edition of this book chapter; we thank Julie Ditter, Robin Taylor, Myhanh Che, Lenal Bottoms, Johna Belling, and Kimberley Morrison for the outstanding administrative and secretarial support.

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  1. Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985930 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA

    Yunlong Huang & Jialin Zheng

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  1. Yunlong Huang
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Correspondence to Yunlong Huang or Jialin Zheng .

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  1. Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Tsuneya Ikezu

  2. Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA

    Howard E. Gendelman

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Huang, Y., Zheng, J. (2017). Cytokines and Chemokines. In: Ikezu, T., Gendelman, H. (eds) Neuroimmune Pharmacology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44022-4_17

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