Abstract
The chapter starts with a comparison of methods to generate digital optical signals: direct laser modulation, electroabsorption and Mach-Zehnder interferometer modulators. Next follows an in-depth treatment of physical effects which are utilized for semiconductor-based modulators (plasma-, Franz-Keldysh-, quantum-confined Stark-, and electro-optic (Pockels) effect), and their exploitation for InP- and GaAs-based modulators with specific emphasis on aspects of high-speed modulator design. Modulator characteristics including eye diagrams obtained for different implementations and various operation conditions illustrate the current state-of-the-art, and the chapter concludes with a section on modulators for higher order modulation formats.
References
C.H. Henry, Theory of the phase noise and power spectrum of a single mode injection laser. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-19, 1391–1397 (1983)
F. Koyama, K. Iga, Frequency chirping in external modulators. J. Lightwave Technol. 6, 87–93 (1988)
G.P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic Press, New York, 1989)
K. Tharmalingham, Optical absorption in the presence of a uniform field. Phys. Rev. 130, 2204–2206 (1963)
B.O. Seraphin, N. Bottoka, Franz-Keldysh effect of the refractive index in semiconductors. Phys. Rev. 139, A560–A565 (1965)
D.A.B. Miller, D.S. Chemla, T.C. Damen, A.C. Gossard, W. Wiegmann, T.H. Wood, C.A. Burrus, Electric field dependence of optical absorption near the band gap of quantum-well structures. Phys. Rev. B 32, 1043–1060 (1985)
D.A.B. Miller, D.S. Chemla, D.J. Eilenberger, P.W. Smith, A.C. Gossard, W.T. Tsang, Large room-temperature optical nonlinearity in GaAs/Ga1 − xAlxAs multiple quantum well structures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 41, 679–681 (1982)
D.S. Chemla, D.A.B. Miller, P.W. Smith, A.C. Gossard, W. Wiegmann, Room temperature excitonic nonlinear absorption and refraction in GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well structures. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-20, 265–275 (1984)
D.A.B. Miller, D.S. Chemla, S. Schmitt-Rink, Relation between electroabsorption in bulk semiconductors and in quantum wells: the quantum-confined Franz-Keldysh effect. Phys. Rev. B 33, 6976–6982 (1986)
D.A.B. Miller, J.S. Weiner, D.S. Chemla, Electric-field dependence of linear optical properties in quantum well structures: waveguide electroabsorption and sum rules. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-22, 1816–1830 (1986)
S. Schmitt-Rink, D.S. Chemla, W.H. Knox, D.A.B. Miller, How fast is excitonic electroabsorption. Opt. Lett. 15, 60–62 (1990)
D.A.B. Miller, D.S. Chemla, T.C. Damen, A.C. Gossard, W. Wiegmann, T.H. Wood, C.A. Burrus, Electric field dependence of optical absorption near the band gap of quantum-well structures. Phys. Rev. B 32, 1043–1060 (1985)
T.H. Wood, C.A. Burrus, D.A.B. Miller, D.S. Chemla, T.C. Damen, A.C. Gossard, W. Wiegmann, High-speed optical modulation with GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells in a p–i–n diode structure. Appl. Phys. Lett. 44, 16–18 (1994)
R. de, L. Kronig, On the theory of dispersion of X-rays. J. Opt. Sci. Am. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 12, 547–558 (1926)
H.A. Kramers, La diffusion de la lumière par les atomes. Atti Cong. Intern. Fis. Como 2, 545–557 (1927)
F. Devaux, Y. Sorel, J.F. Kerdiles, Chirp measurement and transmission experiment at 10 Gbit/s with Wannier-Stark modulator. Electron. Lett. 29, 814–816 (1993)
F. Devaux, Y. Sorel, J.F. Kerdiles, Simple measurement of fiber dispersion and of chirp parameter of intensity modulated light emitter. J. Lightwave Technol. 11, 1937–1940 (1993)
Y. Miyazaki, T. Yamatoya, K. Matsumoto, K. Kuramoto, K. Shibata, T. Aoyagi, T. Ishikawa, High-power ultralow-chirp 10-Gb/s electroabsorption modulator integrated laser with ultra-short photocarrier lifetime. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 42, 357–362 (2006)
S. Makino, K. Shinoda, T. Shiota, T. Kitatani, T. Fukamachi, M. Aoki, N. Sasada, K. Naoe, K. Uchida, H. Inoue, Wide temperature (15 °C to 90 °C), 80-km SMF transmission of a 1.55-μm, 10-Gbit/s InGaAlAs electroabsorption modulator integrated DFB laser, in Opt. Fiber Commun. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC’07), Anaheim, CA, USA (2007), Techn. Digest, paper OMS1
10 Gbit/s EML (Electroabsorption modulator integrated lasers), NTT Electronics Corporation, http://www.ntt-electronics.com/en/products/photonics/10Gbps_EML-TOSA.html (as for December, 2014)
M. Chacinski, U. Westergren, B. Stoltz, R. Driad, R.E. Makon, V. Hurm, J. Rosenzweig, J. Li, A.G. Steffan, Transceiver modules utilizing travelling-wave electro-absorption modulator, in Opt. Fiber Commun. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC’10), San Diego, CA, USA (2010), Techn. Digest, paper OWN4
H. Klein, C. Bornholdt, G. Przyrembel, A. Sigmund, W.-D. Molzow, H.-G. Bach, M. Moehrle, 56 Gbit/s InGaAlAs-MQW 1300 nm electroabsorption-modulated DFB-Lasers with impedance matching circuit, in Proc. 39th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’13), London, UK (2013), Techn. Digest, paper Th.1.B.5
S. Kanazawa, T. Fujisawa, A. Ohki, H. Ishii, N. Nunoya, Y. Kawaguchi, N. Fujiwara, K. Takahata, R. Iga, F. Kano, H. Oohashi, A compact EADFB laser array module for a future 100-Gb/s Ethernet transceiver. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17, 1191–1197 (2011)
S. Ristic, M. Florjanczyk, M. Lebby, Optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs) for 100G Ethernet and coherent networks based on multi-guide vertical integration platform, in Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC’14), San Francisco, CA, USA (2014), Techn. Digest, paper Tu3H.6
K. Hasebe, T. Sato, K. Takeda, T. Fujii, T. Kakitsuka, S. Matsuo, 50-Gbit/s operation of lateral pin diode structure electro-absorption modulator integrated DFB laser, in Proc. 40th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’14) Cannes, France (2014), Techn. Digest, paper Mo.4.4.2
K.-C. Chang, S.-W. Shen, M.-C. Hsu, Y.-J. Chiu, C.-C. Wei, C.-K. Lee, Negative-chirped EAM-SOA for distance-insensitive optical OFDM transmission in long-reach OFDMA PONs, in Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC’14), San Francisco, CA, USA (2014), Techn. Digest, paper Tu3H.4
W. Kobayashi, M. Arai, T. Fujisawa, Y. Shibata, T. Sato, T. Ito, K. Hasebe, T. Yamanaka, H. Sanjoh, 40-Gbit/s EADFB laser integrated with short cavity SOA improving chirp characteristics with low power consumption, in Proc. 40th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’14), Cannes, France (2014), Techn. Digest, paper Mo.4.4.5
T. Watanabe, N. Sakaida, H. Yasaka, F. Kano, M. Koga, Transmission performance of chirp-controlled signal by using semiconductor optical amplifier. J. Lightwave Technol. 18, 1069–1077 (2000)
M.E. Chaibi, T. Anfray, K. Kechaou, C. Gosset, L.A. Neto, G. Aubin, C. Kazmierski, P. Chanclou, C. Aupetit-Berthelemot, D. Erasme, Dispersion compensation-free IM/DD SSB-OFDM transmission at 11.11 Gb/s over 200 km SSMF using dual EML. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 25, 2271–2273 (2013)
R. Thapliya, S. Nakamura, T. Kikuchi, High speed electro-optic polymeric waveguide devices with low switching voltages and thermal drift, in Opt. Fiber Commun. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC’08), San Diego, CA, USA (2008), Techn. Digest, paper OMJ1
J. Mallari, C. Wei, D. Jin, G. Yu, A. Barklund, E. Miller, P. O’Mathuna, R. Dinu, A. Motafakker-Fard, B. Jalali, 100 Gbps EO polymer modulator product and its characterization using a real-time digitizer, in Opt. Fiber Commun. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC’10), San Diego, CA, USA (2010), Techn. Digest, paper OThU2
R.G. Walker, I. Bennion, A.C. Carter, Low-voltage, \(50~\Omega\), GaAs/AlGaAs travelling-wave modulator with bandwidth exceeding 25 GHz. Electron. Lett. 25, 1549–1550 (1989)
R.G. Walker, High-speed III–V semiconductor intensity modulators. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 27, 654–667 (1991)
J.S. Cites, P.R. Ashley, High-performance Mach-Zehnder modulators in multiple quantum well GaAs/AlGaAs. J. Lightwave Technol. 12, 1167–1173 (1992)
N.A.F. Jaeger, Z.K.F. Lee, Slow-wave electrode for use in compound semiconductor electrooptic modulators. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 1778–1784 (1992)
R. Spickermann, N. Dagli, Experimental analysis of millimeter wave coplanar waveguide slow wave structures on GaAs. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 42, 1918–1924 (1994)
S.R. Sakamoto, R. Spickermann, N. Dagli, Narrow gap coplanar slow wave electrode for travelling wave electro-optic modulators. Electron. Lett. 31, 1183–1185 (1995)
R. Spickermann, N. Dagli, M.G. Peters, GaAs/AlGaAs electro-optic modulator with band-width >40 GHz. Electron. Lett. 31, 915–916 (1995)
N.A.F. Jaeger, F. Rahmatian, H. Kato, R. James, E. Berolo, Z.K.F. Lee, Velocity-matched electrodes for compound semiconductor traveling-wave electrooptic modulators: experimental results. IEEE Microw. Guided Wave Lett. 6, 82–84 (1996)
R. Spickermann, M.G. Peters, N. Dagli, A polarization independent GaAs–AlGaAs electrooptic modulator. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32, 764–769 (1996)
R. Spickermann, S.R. Sakamoto, M.G. Peters, N. Dagli, GaAs/AlGaAs travelling wave electro-optic modulator with an electrical bandwidth >40 GHz. Electron. Lett. 32, 1095–1096 (1996)
H.R. Khazaei, E. Berolo, F. Ghannouchi, High-speed slow-wave coplanar strip GaAs/AlGaAs electro-optic laser modulator. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 19, 184–186 (1998)
L. Mőrl, C. Bornholdt, D. Hoffmann, K. Matzen, G.G. Mekonnen, F.W. Reier, A travelling wave electrode Mach-Zehnder 40 Gb/s demultiplexer based on strain compensated GaInAs/AlInAs tunnelling barrier MQW structure, in Internat. Conf. Indium Phosphide Relat. Mater. (IPRM’98), Tsukuba, Japan (1998), Techn. Digest, paper WA3-4
Y. Cui, P. Berini, Modeling and design of GaAs traveling-wave electrooptic modulators based on capacitively loaded coplanar strips. J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 544–554 (2006)
C. Rolland, R.S. Moore, F. Shepherd, G. Hiller, 10 Gbit/s, 1.56 μm multiquantum well InP/InGaAsP Mach-Zehnder optical modulator. Electron. Lett. 29, 471–472 (1993)
M. Fetterman, C.-P. Chao, S.R. Forrest, Fabrication and analysis of high-contrast InGaAsP–InP Mach-Zehnder modulators for use at 1.55 μm wavelength. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 8, 69–71 (1996)
D.M. Adams, C. Rolland, N. Puetz, R.S. Moore, F.R. Shepherd, H.B. Kim, S. Bradshaw, Mach-Zehnder modulator integrated with a gain-coupled DFB laser for 10 Gbit/s, 100 km NDSF transmission at 1.55 μm. Electron. Lett. 32, 485–486 (1996)
O. Leclerc, C. Duchet, P. Brindel, M. Goix, E. Grard, E. Maunand, E. Desurvire, Polarisation-independent InP push-pull Mach-Zehnder modulator for 20 Gbit/s soliton regeneration. Electron. Lett. 34, 1011–1013 (1998)
S. Akiyama, S. Hirose, T. Watanabe, M. Ueda, S. Sekiguchi, N. Morii, T. Yamamoto, A. Kuramata, H. Soda, Novel InP-based Mach-Zehnder modulator for 40 Gb/s integrated lightwave source, in 18th IEEE Int. Semicond. Laser Conf. (ISLC’02), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany (2002), Conf. Digest, paper 57-58
K. Tsuzuki, T. Ishibashi, T. Ito, S. Oku, Y. Shibata, R. Iga, Y. Kondo, Y. Tohmori, 40 Gbit/s n–i–n InP Mach-Zehnder modulator with a \(\pi\) voltage of 2.2 V. Electron. Lett. 39, 1464–1466 (2003)
I. Betty, M.G. Boudreau, R.A. Griffin, A. Feckes, An empirical model for high yield manufacturing of 10 Gb/s negative chirp InP Mach-Zehnder modulators, in Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC’05), Anaheim, CA, USA (2005), Techn. Digest, paper OWE5
S. Akiyama, H. Itoh, T. Takeuchi, A. Kuramata, T. Yamamoto, Low-chirp 10 Gbit/s InP-based Mach-Zehnder modulator driven by 1.2 V single electrical signal. Electron. Lett. 41, 40–41 (2005)
C.H. Henry, R.A. Logan, K.A. Bertness, Spectral dependence of the change in refractive index due to carrier injection in GaAs lasers. J. Appl. Phys. 52, 4457–4461 (1981)
B.R. Bennett, R.A. Soref, J.A. del Alamo, Carrier-induced change in refractive index of InP, GaAs, and InGaAsP. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26, 113–122 (1990)
H.C. Casey Jr., M.B. Panish, Heterostructure Lasers (Academic Press, New York, 1978)
H.M. Nussenzveig, Causality and Dispersion Relations (Academic Press, New York, 1972)
T. Hiroshima, R. Lang, Well size dependence of Stark shifts for heavy-hole and light-hole levels in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 49, 639–641 (1986)
S. Namba, Electro-optical effect of zincblends. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 51, 76–79 (1961)
J.F. Nye, Physical Properties of Crystals (Oxford University Press, New York, 1975)
A. Yariv, P. Yeh, Optical Waves in Crystals (Wiley, New York, 1984)
C.H. Henry, R.A. Logan, H. Temkin, F.R. Merritt, Absorption, emission, and gain spectra of 1.3 μm InGaAsP quaternary lasers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-19, 947–952 (1983)
H.C. Casey Jr., P.L. Carter, Variation of intervalence band absorption with hole concentration in p-type InP. Appl. Phys. Lett. 44, 82–83 (1984)
B.C. Wadell, Transmission Line Design Handbook (Artec House, Norwood, 1991)
T. Kato, M. Sato, T. Yamase, K. Sato, H. Noguchi, 10-Gb/s-80-km operation of full C-band InP MZ modulator with linear-accelerator-type tiny in-line centipede electrode structure directly driven by logic IC of 90-nm CMOS process, in Opt. Fiber Commun. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC’11), Los Angeles, CA, USA (2011), Techn. Digest, paper OThP4
T. Yamase, M. Sato, H. Noguchi, K. Sato, T. Kato, Low-power multi-level modulation of InP MZM with in-line centipede structure directly driven by CMOS IC, in 18th OptoElectron. Commun. Conf. (OECC’13), Kyoto, Japan (2013), Techn. Digest, paper WK2-3
K.-O. Velthaus, N. Wolf, J.H. Choi, L. Yan, P. Harati, M. Gruner, B.G. Saavedra, M. Rausch, H.-G. Bach, M. Schell, Impedance-engineered low power MZM/driver assembly for CFP4-size pluggable long haul and metro transceiver, in Proc. 40th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’14), Cannes, France (2014), Techn. Digest, paper Tu.1.1.1
Y.-J. Chiu, T.-H. Wu, W.-C. Cheng, F.J. Lin, J.E. Bowers, Enhanced performance in traveling-wave electroabsorption modulators based on undercut-etching the active-region. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 17, 2065–2067 (2005)
H. Fukano, T. Yamanaka, M. Tamura, Design and fabrication of low-driving-voltage electroabsorption modulators operating at 40 Gb/s. J. Lightwave Technol. 25, 1961–1969 (2007)
HFSSTM – Simulation software for high-performance electronic design, Ansys Inc., http://www.ansys.com/Support/Platform+Support/Ansoft+Products+14.0 (as for December, 2014)
L.B. Soldano, E.C.M. Pennings, Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging: principles and applications. J. Lightwave Technol. 13, 615–627 (1995)
K. Tsuzuki, K. Sano, N. Kikuchi, N. Kashio, E. Yamada, Y. Shibata, T. Ishibashi, M. Tokumitsu, H. Yasaka, 0.3 \(V_{\mathit{pp}}\) single-drive push-pull InP Mach-Zehnder modulator module for 43-Gbit/s systems, in Opt. Fiber Commun. (OFC’06), Anaheim, CA, USA (2006), Techn. Digest, paper OWC2
K. Tsuzuki, H. Kikuchi, E. Yamada, H. Yasaka, T. Ishibashi, 1.3-\(V_{\mathit{pp}}\) push-pull drive InP Mach-Zehnder modulator module for 40 Gbit/s operation, in Proc. 31st Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’05), Glasgow, Scotland, UK (2005), Techn. Digest, paper Th2.6.3
K. Tsuzuki, N. Kikuchi, Y. Shibata, W. Kobayashi, H. Yasaka, Surface mountable 10-Gb/s InP Mach-Zehnder modulator module for SFF transponder. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 20, 54–56 (2008)
Y.A. Akulova, G.A. Fish, P. Koh, P. Kozodoy, M. Larson, C. Schow, E. Hall, H. Marchand, P. Abraham, L.A. Coldren, 10 Gb/s Mach-Zehnder modulator integrated with widely-tunable sampled grating DBR Laser, in Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC’04), Los Angeles, CA, USA (2004), Techn. Digest, paper TuE4
A. Tauke-Pedretti, M.N. Sysak, J.S. Barton, J.W. Raring, L. Johansson, L.A. Coldren, 40-Gb/s series-push-pull Mach-Zehnder transmitter on a dual-quantum-well integration platform. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18, 1922–1924 (2006)
L.A. Johansson, L.A. Coldren, P.C. Koh, Y.A. Akulova, G.A. Fish, Transmission of 10 Gbps duobinary signals using an integrated laser-Mach Zehnder modulator, in Opt. Fiber Commun. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC’08), San Diego, CA, USA (2008), Techn. Digest, paper OThC4
K. Ławniczuk, C. Kazmierski, J.-G. Provost, M.J. Wale, R. Piramidowicz, P. Szczepański, M.K. Smit, X.J.M. Leijtens, InP-based photonic multiwavelength transmitter with DBR laser array. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 25, 352–354 (2013)
S.B. Estrella, L.A. Johansson, M.L. Mašanović, J.A. Thomas, J.S. Barton, First monolithic widely tunable photonic coherent transmitter in InP. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 25, 641–643 (2013)
A.J. Ward, V. Hill, R. Cush, S.C. Heck, P. Firth, Y. Honzawa, Y. Uchida, Monolithic integration of AlInGaAs DS-DBR tunable laser and AlInGaAs MZ modulator with small footprint, low power dissipation and long-haul 10 Gb/s performance, in Proc. 39th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’13), London, UK (2013), Techn. Digest, paper P.2.14
R.A. Griffin, B. Pugh, J. Fraser, I.B. Betty, K. Anderson, G. Busico, C. Edge, T. Simmons, Compact, high power, MQW InP Mach-Zehnder transmitters with full-band tunability for 10 Gb/s DWDM, in Proc. 31st Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’05), Glasgow, Scotland, UK (2005), Techn. Digest, paper Th2.6.2
K. Tsuzuki, N. Kikuchi, H. Sanjoh, Y. Shibata, K. Kasaya, H. Oohashi, H. Ishii, K. Kato, Y. Tohmori, H. Yasaka, Compact wavelength tunable laser module integrated with n–i–n structure Mach-Zehnder modulator, in Proc. 32nd Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’06), Cannes, France (2006), Techn. Digest, paper Tu3.4.3
M.L. Nielsen, K. Tsuruoka, T. Kato, T. Morimoto, S. Sudo, T. Okamoto, K. Mizutani, K. Sato, K. Kudo, Demonstration of 10-Gb/s \(\mathrm{C}+\mathrm{L}\)-band InP-based Mach-Zehnder modulator. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 20, 1270–1272 (2008)
Tunable transmitter component, NeoPhotonics TLMZ, http://www.santurcorp.com/products/productss.aspx?typeid=12 (as for December, 2014)
H. Oohashi, Y. Shibata, H. Ishii, Y. Kawaguchi, Y. Kondo, Y. Yoshikuni, Y. Tohmori, 46.9-nm wavelength-selectable arrayed DFB lasers with integrated MMI coupler and SOA, in Internat. Conf. Indium Phosphide Relat. Mater. (IPRM’01), Nara, Japan (2001), Techn. Digest, paper FB1-2
H. Oohashi, H. Ishii, K. Kasaya, Widely tunable DFB laser array (TLA), in Proc. Internat. Conf. Optical Internet and Next Gen. Network (COIN-NGNCON’06), Jeju, Korea (2006), Techn. Digest, paper TuB1-2
W. Forysiak, Progress in InP-based photonic components and sub-systems for digital coherent systems at 100 Gbit/s and beyond, in Proc. 39th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’13), London, UK (2013), Techn. Digest, paper Mo. 3.C.2
R.A. Griffin, InP-based high-speed transponder, in Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC’14), San Francisco, CA, USA (2014), Techn. Digest, paper W3B.7
M. Rocks, Calculation of duobinary transmission systems with optical waveguides. IEEE Trans. Commun. COM-30, 2464–2470 (1982)
S. Kuwano, K. Yonenaga, K. Iwashita, 10 Gbit/s repeaterless transmission experiment of optical duobinary modulated signal. Electron. Lett. 31, 1359–1361 (1995)
X. Gu, S.J. Dodds, L.C. Blank, D.M. Spirit, S.J. Pycock, A.D. Ellis, Duobinary technique for dispersion reduction in high capacity optical systems – modelling, experiment and field trial. IEE Proc. Optoelectron. 143, 228–236 (1996)
K. Yonenaga, S. Kuwano, Dispersion-tolerant optical transmission system using duobinary transmitter and binary receiver. J. Lightwave Technol. 15, 1530–1537 (1997)
M. Shtaif, A.H. Gnauck, The relation between optical duobinary modulation and spectral efficiency in WDM systems. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 11, 712–714 (1999)
Y. Miyamoto, K. Yonenaga, A. Hirano, H. Toba, K. Murata, H. Miyazawa, 100 GHz-spaced \(8\times 43\) Gbit/s DWDM unrepeatered transmission over 163 km using duobinary-carrier-suppressed return-to-zero format. Electron. Lett. 37, 1395–1396 (2001)
R.A. Linke, B.L. Kasper, N.A. Olsson, R.C. Alferness, Coherent lightwave transmission over 150 km fiber lengths at 400 Mb/s and 1 Gb/s data rates using phase modulation. Electron. Lett. 22, 30–31 (1986)
K. Emura, S. Yamazaki, S. Fujita, I. Mito, K. Minemura, Over 300 km transmission experiment on a optical FSK heterodyne dual filter detection system. Electron. Lett. 22, 1096–1097 (1986)
A.H. Gnauck, R.A. Linke, B.L. Kasper, K.J. Pollock, K.C. Reichmann, R. Valenzuela, R.C. Alferness, Coherent lightwave transmission at 2 Gbit/s over 170 km of optical fiber using phase modulation. Electron. Lett. 23, 286–287 (1987)
S. Yamazaki, S. Murata, K. Komatsu, Y. Koizumi, S. Fujita, K. Emura, 1.2 Gbit/s optical DPSK heterodyne detection transmission system using monolithic external-cavity DFB LDs. Electron. Lett. 23, 860–862 (1987)
T. Chikama, T. Naitou, H. Onaka, T. Kiyonaga, S. Watanabe, M. Suyama, M. Seino, H. Kuwahara, 1.2 Gbit/s, 201 km optical DPSK heterodyne transmission experiment using a compact, stable external fiber cavity DFB laser module. Electron. Lett. 24, 636–637 (1988)
T. Chikama, S. Watanabe, T. Naito, H. Onaka, T. Kiyonaga, Y. Onoda, H. Miyata, M. Suyama, M. Seino, H. Kuwahara, Modulation and demodulation techniques in optical heterodyne PSK transmission system. J. Lightwave Technol. 8, 309–322 (1990)
H. Kim, P.J. Winzer, Robustness to laser frequency offset in direct-detection DPSK and DQPSK systems. J. Lightwave Technol. 21, 1887–1891 (2003)
M. Serbay, C. Wree, W. Rosenkranz, Implementation of differential precoder for high-speed optical DQPSK transmission. Electron. Lett. 40, 1288–1289 (2004)
Y. Han, G. Li, Impact of RZ pulse carver phase errors on optical DQPSK, in Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC’05), Anaheim, CA, USA (2005), Techn. Digest, paper OThO4
I. Morita, N. Yoshikane, Merits of DQPSK for ultrahigh capacity transmission, in Proc. 18th Annual Meeting of the IEEE Lasers & Electro-Optics Society (LEOS’05), Sydney, Australia (2005), Techn. Digest, paper WE5
H.G. Weber, S. Ferber, M. Kroh, C. Schmidt-Langhorst, R. Ludwig, V. Marembert, C. Boerner, F. Futami, S. Watanabe, C. Schubert, Single channel 1.28 Tbit/s and 2.56 Tbit/s DQPSK transmission. Electron. Lett. 42, 178–179 (2006)
A. Sano, H. Masuda, Y. Kisaka, S. Aisawa, E. Yoshida, Y. Miyamoto, M. Koga, K. Hagimoto, T. Yamada, T. Furuta, H. Fukuyama, 14-Tb/s (140 × 111-Gb/s PDM/WDM) CSRZ-DQPSK transmission over 160 km using 7-THz bandwidth extended L-band EDFAs, in Proc. 32nd Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’06), Cannes, France (2006), Techn. Digest, paper Th4.1.1
A.H. Gnauck, P.J. Winzer, L.L. Buhl, T. Kawanishi, T. Sakamoto, M. Izutsu, K. Higuma, 12.3-Tb/s C-band DQPSK transmission at 3.2 b/s/Hz spectral efficiency, in Proc. 32nd Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’06), Cannes, France (2006), Techn. Digest, paper Th4.1.2
C. Fürst, J.-P. Elbers, M. Camera, H. Wernz, H. Griesser, S. Herbst, F. Cavaliere, A. Ehrhardt, D. Breuer, D. Frizsche, S. Vorbeck, M. Schneiders, W. Weiershausen, R. Leppla, J. Wendler, M. Schrödel, T. Wuth, C. Fludger, T. Duthel, B. Milivojevic, C. Schulien, 43 Gb/s RZ-DQPSK DWDM field trial over 1047 km with mixed 43 Gb/s and 10.7 Gb/s channels at 50 and 100 GHz channel spacing, in Proc. 32nd Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’06), Cannes, France (2006), Techn. Digest, paper Th4.1.4
A.H. Gnauck, G. Charlet, P. Tran, P.J. Winzer, C.R. Doerr, J.C. Centanni, E.C. Burrows, T. Kawanishi, T. Sakamoto, K. Higuma, 25.6-Tb/s WDM transmission of polarization-multiplexed RZ-DQPSK signals. J. Lightwave Technol. 26, 79–84 (2008)
S. Savory, A. Hadjifotiou, Laser linewidth requirements for optical DQPSK systems. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 16, 930–932 (2004)
A.H. Gnauck, P.J. Winzer, Optical phase-shift-keyed transmission. J. Lightwave Technol. 23, 115–130 (2005)
C.R. Doerr, D.M. Gill, A.H. Gnauck, L.L. Buhl, P.J. Winzer, M.A. Cappuzzo, A. Wong-Foy, E.Y. Chen, L.T. Gomez, Monolithic demodulator for 40-Gb/s DQPSK using a star coupler. J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 171–174 (2006)
G. Bosco, P. Poggiolini, On the joint effect of receiver impairments on direct-detection DQPSK systems. J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 1323–1333 (2006)
C.R. Doerr, L. Zhang, S. Chandrasekhar, L.L. Buhl, Monolithic DQPSK receiver in InP with low polarization sensitivity. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 19, 1765–1767 (2007)
M. Oguma, Y. Nasu, H. Takahashi, H. Kawakami, E. Yoshida, Single MZI-based \(1\times 4\) DQPSK demodulator, in Proc. 33rd Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’07), Berlin, Germany (2007), Techn. Digest, paper 10.3.4
H. Kawakami, E. Yoshida, Y. Miyamoto, M. Oguma, T. Itoh, Simple phase offset monitoring technique for 43 Gbit/s optical DQPSK receiver. Electron. Lett. 44, 437–438 (2008)
I. Lyubomirsky, C.-C. Chien, Y.-H. Wang, Optical DQPSK receiver with enhanced dispersion tolerance. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20, 511–513 (2008)
N. Chand, L. Bakker, D. van Veen, R.D. Yadvish, Significant performance advantage of electroabsorption modulator integrated distributed feedback laser (EML) transmitter in transporting multicarrier QAM signals. J. Lightwave Technol. 19, 1462–1468 (2001)
M. Ohm, J. Speidel, Quaternary optical ASK-DPSK and receivers with direct detection. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 15, 159–161 (2003)
X. Liu, X. Wei, Y.-H. Kao, J. Leuthold, C.R. Doerr, Y. Su, L.F. Mollenauer, Return-to-zero quaternary differential-phase amplitude-shift-keying for long-haul transmission, in Optical Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC’04), Los Angeles, CA, USA (2004), Techn. Digest, paper FN2
K. Sekine, N. Kikuchi, S. Sasaki, S. Hayase, C. Hasegawa, T. Sugawara, 40 Gbit/s, 16-ary (4 bit/symbol) optical modulation/demodulation scheme. Electron. Lett. 41, 430–432 (2005)
M. Yoshida, H. Goto, K. Kasai, M. Nakazawa, 64 and 128 coherent QAM optical transmission over 150 km using frequency-stabilized laser and heterodyne PLL detection. Opt. Express 16, 829–840 (2008)
J.-X. Cai, C.R. Davidson, D.G. Foursa, L. Liu, Y. Cai, B. Bakhshi, G. Mohs, W.W. Patterson, P.C. Corbett, A.J. Lucero, W. Anderson, H. Li, M. Nissov, A.N. Pillpetskii, N.S. Bergano, Experimental comparison of the RZ-DPSK and NRZ-DPSK modulation formats, in Opt. Fiber Commun. (OFC’05), Anaheim, CA, USA (2005), Techn. Digest, paper OThO1
Y. Shibata, N. Kikuchi, K. Tsuzuki, W. Kobayashi, H. Yasaka, 40 Gbit/s DPSK modulation using an InGaAlAs–InAlAs MQW n–i–n Mach-Zehnder modulator. Electron. Lett. 44, 1269–1271 (2008)
R.A. Griffin, Integrated DQPSK transmitters, in Opt. Fiber Commun. (OFC’05), Anaheim, CA, USA (2005), Techn. Digest, paper OWE3
L. Stampoulidis, E. Giacoumidis, M.F. O’Keefe, I. Aldaya, R.G. Walker, Y. Zhou, N. Cameron, E. Kehayas, A. Tsokanos, I. Tomkos, N.J. Doran, L. Zimmermann, Cost-effective broadband GaAs IQ modulator array for long-reach OFDM-PONs, in Proc. 39th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’13), London, UK (2013), Techn. Digest, paper We.1.F.4
C.R. Doerr, L. Zhang, P.J. Winzer, J.H. Sinsky, A.L. Adamiecki, N.J. Sauer, G. Raybon, Compact high-speed InP DQPSK modulator. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 19, 1184–1186 (2007)
N. Kikuchi, H. Sanjoh, Y. Shibata, K. Tsuzuki, T. Sato, E. Yamada, T. Ishibashi, H. Yasaka, 80-Gbit/s InP DQPSK modulator with an n–p–i–n structure, in Proc. 33rd Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’07), Berlin, Germany (2007), Techn. Digest, paper 10.3.1
N. Kikuchi, K. Tsuzuki, Y. Shibata, M. Ishikawa, T. Yasui, H. Ishii, H. Oohashi, T. Ishibashi, T. Akeyoshi, H. Yasaka, F. Kano, Full L-band 40-Gbit/s operation of compact InP-DQPSK modulator module with low constant driving voltage of 3.5 \(V_{\mathit{pp}}\), in Proc. 34th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’08), Brussels, Belgium (2008), Techn. Digest, paper Mo.3.C.4
N. Kikuchi, K. Tsuzuki, T. Kurosaki, Y. Shibata, H. Yasaka, High-speed, low-driving voltage dual-drive InP-based Mach-Zehnder modulator. IEICE Trans. Electron. E92-C, 205–211 (2009)
E. Yamada, A. Ohki, N. Kikuchi, Y. Shibata, T. Yasui, K. Watanabe, H. Ishii, R. Iga, H. Oohashi, Full C-band 40-Gbit/s DPSK tunable transmitter module developed by hybrid integration of tunable laser and InP n–p–i–n Mach-Zehnder modulator, in Opt. Fiber Commun. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC’10), San Diego, CA, USA (2010), Techn. Digest, paper OWU4
E. Rouvalis, C. Metzger, A. Charpentier, T. Ayling, S. Schmid, M. Gruner, D. Hoffmann, M. Hamacher, G. Fiol, M. Schell, A low insertion loss and low \(\mathrm{V}_{\pi}\) InP IQ modulator for advanced modulation formats, in Proc. 40th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’14), Cannes, France (2014), Techn. Digest, paper Tu.4.4.1
N. Kono, T. Kitamura, H. Yagi, N. Itabashi, T. Tatsumi, Y. Yamauchi, K. Fujii, K. Horino, S. Yamanaka, K. Tanaka, K. Yamaji, C. Fukuda, H. Shoji, Compact and low power DP-QPSK modulator module with InP-based modulator and driver ICs, in Opt. Fiber Commun. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC’13), Anaheim, CA, USA (2013), Techn. Digest, paper OW1G.2
S. Yamanaka, H. Uzawa, T. Ohara, T. Saida, T. Akashi, K. Mori, O. Takeuchi, H. Onaka, K. Takei, K. Terada, S. Aisawa, O. Ishida, 100 Gb/s CFP coherent transceiver enabled by power-optimized DSP, in 19th OptoElectron. Commun. Conf. (OECC’14), Melbourne, Australia (2014), Techn. Digest, paper THPDP1-4
E. Yamada, Y. Shibata, K. Watanabe, T. Yasui, A. Ohki, H. Mawatari, S. Kanazawa, R. Iga, H. Ishii, Demonstration of 50 Gbit/s 16QAM signal generation by novel 16QAM generation method using a dual-drive InP Mach-Zehnder modulator, in Opt. Fiber Commun. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC’11), Los Angeles, CA, USA (2011), Techn. Digest, paper OMU1
E. Yamada, N. Kikuchi, A. Sano, T. Kobayashi, Y. Shibata, H. Ishii, Y. Miyamoto, 86 Gbit/s PDM 16-QAM signal transmission using InP optical IQ modulator. Electron. Lett. 48, 1486–1487 (2012)
S.C. Heck, S.K. Jones, R.A. Griffin, N. Whitbread, P.A. Bromley, G. Harris, D. Smith, L.N. Langley, T. Goodall, Miniaturized InP dual I&Q Mach Zehnder modulator with full monitoring functionality for CFP2, in Proc. 40th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’14), Cannes, France (2014), Techn. Digest, paper Tu.4.4.2
T. Tatsumi, N. Itabashi, T. Ikagawa, N. Kono, M. Seki, K. Tanaka, K. Yamaji, Y. Fujimura, K. Uesaka, T. Nakabayashi, H. Shoji, S. Ogita, A compact low-power 224-Gb/s DP-16QAM modulator module with InP-based modulator and linear driver ICs, in Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC’14), San Francisco, CA, USA (2014), Techn. Digest, paper Tu3H.5
D. Korn, P.C. Schindler, C. Stamatiadis, M.F. O’Keefe, L. Stampoulidis, R. Schmogrow, P. Zakynthinos, R. Palmer, N. Cameron, Y. Zhou, R.G. Walker, E. Kehayas, I. Tomkos, L. Zimmermann, K. Petermann, W. Freude, C. Koos, J. Leuthold, First monolithic GaAs IQ electro-optic modulator, demonstrated at 150 Gbit/s with 64-QAM, in Opt. Fiber Commun. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC’13), Anaheim, CA, USA (2013), Techn. Digest, paper PDP5C.4
N. Kikuchi, R. Hirai, Y. Wakayama, High-speed optical 64QAM signal generation using InP-based semiconductor IQ modulator, in Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC’14), San Francisco, CA, USA (2014), Techn. Digest, paper M2A.2
C. Kazmierski, D. Carrara, K. Ławniczuk, G. Aubin, J.-G. Provost, R. Guillamet, 12.5 GB operation of a novel monolithic 1.55 μm BPSK source based on prefixed optical phase switching, in Opt. Fiber Commun. and Nat. Fiber Opt. Eng. Conf. (OFC/NFOEC’13), Anaheim, CA, USA (2013), Techn. Digest, paper OW4J.8
G. de Valicourt, M.A. Mestre, P. Jennevé, H. Mardoyan, J.C. Antona, S. Bigo, O. Bertran-Pardo, C. Kazmierski, N. Chimot, F. Blache, A. Garreau, Ultra-compact monolithic integrated InP transmitter at 224 Gb/s with PDM-2ASK-2PSK modulation, in Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC’14), San Francisco, CA, USA (2014), Techn. Digest, paper Th5C.3
G. de Valicourt, M.A. Mestre, J.C. Antona, P. Jennevé, H. Mardoyan, S. Bigo, C. Kazmierski, N. Chimot, F. Blache, Integrated non-quadrature intensity modulation transmitter based on prefixed optical phases and intensity modulations, in Proc. 40th Europ. Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC’14), Cannes, France (2014), Techn. Digest, paper Tu.4.4.3
T. Yasui, Y. Shibata, K. Tsuzuki, N. Kikuchi, M. Ishikawa, Y. Kawaguchi, M. Arai, H. Yasaka, 10-Gb/s 100-km SMF transmission using InP Mach-Zehnder modulator monolithically integrated with semiconductor optical amplifier. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 20, 1178–1180 (2008)
T. Yasui, Y. Shibata, N. Kikuchi, K. Tsuzuki, Y. Kawaguchi, M. Arai, H. Yasaka, 10-Gbit/s optical duobinary transmission using lossless InP n–p–i–n Mach-Zehnder modulator with semiconductor optical amplifier, in Internat. Conf. Indium Phosphide Relat. Mater. (IPRM’08), Versailles, France (2008), Techn. Digest, paper ThA1.2
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Drs. Ken Tsuzuki and Nobuhiro Kikuchi in the NTT Laboratories, NTT Corporation for their work on the semiconductor modulators and for their fruitful discussions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yasaka, H., Shibata, Y. (2017). Semiconductor-Based Modulators. In: Venghaus, H., Grote, N. (eds) Fibre Optic Communication. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 161. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42367-8_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42367-8_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42365-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-42367-8
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)