Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hormone Receptors in Breast Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Molecular Pathology of Breast Cancer

  • 1533 Accesses

Abstract

Steroid hormone receptors are critical for the growth and development of breast tissue as well as of breast cancer. The importance of the role estrogens in breast cancer has been delineated for more than 100 years. The analysis of its expression has been used not only to classify breast cancers but also for treating patients. The expression of ER and PR in tumors is associated with better prognosis and sensitivity to endocrine therapy. In this chapter we discuss the role of these receptors in addition to androgen receptor (AR) in breast cancer. A brief overview of the structure and function of these receptors and methods to detect their presence in breast cancer is presented. This includes criteria for scoring positivity and national and international guidelines associated with the scoring. Lastly, data regarding the use of expression of AR as therapeutic target, particularly in triple negative cancers, is presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allred DC, Anderson SJ, Paik S, Wickerham DL, Nagtegaal ID, Swain SM, Mamounas EP, Julian TB, Geyer CE Jr, Costantino JP, Land SR, Wolmark N (2012) Adjuvant tamoxifen reduces subsequent breast cancer in women with estrogen receptor-positive ductal carcinoma in situ: a study based on NSABP protocol B-24. J Clin Oncol 30(12):1268–1273. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.34.0141

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen J, Orntoft T, Poulsen HS (1986) Semiquantitative oestrogen receptor assay in formalin-fixed paraffin sections of human breast cancer tissue using monoclonal antibodies. Br J Cancer 53(5):691–694

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anelli TF, Anelli A, Tran KN, Lebwohl DE, Borgen PI (1994) Tamoxifen administration is associated with a high rate of treatment-limiting symptoms in male breast cancer patients. Cancer 74(1):74–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Wang H, Luber B, Nakazawa M, Roeser JC, Chen Y, Mohammad TA, Chen Y, Fedor HL, Lotan TL, Zheng Q, De Marzo AM, Isaacs JT, Isaacs WB, Nadal R, Paller CJ, Denmeade SR, Carducci MA, Eisenberger MA, Luo J (2014) AR-V7 and resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 371(11):1028–1038. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1315815

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnedos M, Nerurkar A, Osin P, A’Hern R, Smith IE, Dowsett M (2009) Discordance between core needle biopsy (CNB) and excisional biopsy (EB) for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR) and HER2 status in early breast cancer (EBC). Ann Oncol 20(12):1948–1952. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp234

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bardou VJ, Arpino G, Elledge RM, Osborne CK, Clark GM (2003) Progesterone receptor status significantly improves outcome prediction over estrogen receptor status alone for adjuvant endocrine therapy in two large breast cancer databases. J Clin Oncol 21(10):1973–1979. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.09.099

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barentsz MW, Wessels H, van Diest PJ, Pijnappel RM, van der Pol CC, Witkamp AJ, van den Bosch MA, Verkooijen HM (2014) Same-day diagnosis based on histology for women suspected of breast cancer: high diagnostic accuracy and favorable impact on the patient. PLoS ONE 9(7):e103105. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103105

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes DM, Fentiman IS, Millis RR, Rubens RD (1989) Who needs steroid receptor assays? Lancet 1(8647):1126–1127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barone I, Brusco L, Fuqua SA (2010) Estrogen receptor mutations and changes in downstream gene expression and signaling. Clin Cancer Res 16(10):2702–2708. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1753

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beatson GW (1896) On the treatment of inoperable cases of carcinoma of the mamma: suggestions for a new method of treatment with illustrative cases. Lancet 148:104–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton KL, Garcia-Closas M, Pfeiffer RM, Duggan MA, Howat WJ, Hewitt SM, Yang XR, Cornelison R, Anzick SL, Meltzer P, Davis S, Lenz P, Figueroa JD, Pharoah PD, Sherman ME (2010) Assessment of automated image analysis of breast cancer tissue microarrays for epidemiologic studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19(4):992–999. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-1023

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bueno-de-Mesquita JM, Nuyten DS, Wesseling J, van Tinteren H, Linn SC, van de Vijver MJ (2010) The impact of inter-observer variation in pathological assessment of node-negative breast cancer on clinical risk assessment and patient selection for adjuvant systemic treatment. Ann Oncol 21(1):40–47. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burge CN, Chang HR, Apple SK (2006) Do the histologic features and results of breast cancer biomarker studies differ between core biopsy and surgical excision specimens? Breast 15(2):167–172. doi:10.1016/j.breast.2005.06.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cochrane DR, Bernales S, Jacobsen BM, Cittelly DM, Howe EN, D’Amato NC, Spoelstra NS, Edgerton SM, Jean A, Guerrero J, Gomez F, Medicherla S, Alfaro IE, McCullagh E, Jedlicka P, Torkko KC, Thor AD, Elias AD, Protter AA, Richer JK (2014) Role of the androgen receptor in breast cancer and preclinical analysis of enzalutamide. Breast Cancer Res 16(1):R7. doi:10.1186/bcr3599

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins LC, Cole KS, Marotti JD, Hu R, Schnitt SJ, Tamimi RM (2011) Androgen receptor expression in breast cancer in relation to molecular phenotype: results from the Nurses’ Health Study. Mod Pathol 24(7):924–931. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2011.54

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Davies C, Pan H, Godwin J, Gray R, Arriagada R, Raina V, Abraham M, Medeiros Alencar VH, Badran A, Bonfill X, Bradbury J, Clarke M, Collins R, Davis SR, Delmestri A, Forbes JF, Haddad P, Hou MF, Inbar M, Khaled H, Kielanowska J, Kwan WH, Mathew BS, Mittra I, Muller B, Nicolucci A, Peralta O, Pernas F, Petruzelka L, Pienkowski T, Radhika R, Rajan B, Rubach MT, Tort S, Urrutia G, Valentini M, Wang Y, Peto R, Adjuvant Tamoxifen: Longer Against Shorter Collaborative G (2013) Long-term effects of continuing adjuvant tamoxifen to 10 years versus stopping at 5 years after diagnosis of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: ATLAS, a randomised trial. Lancet 381 (9869):805–816. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61963-1

    Google Scholar 

  • Dekker TJ, ter Borg S, Hooijer GK, Meijer SL, Wesseling J, Boers JE, Schuuring E, Bart J, van Gorp J, Bult P, Riemersma SA, van Deurzen CH, Sleddens HF, Mesker WE, Kroep JR, Smit VT, van de Vijver MJ (2015) Quality assessment of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor testing in breast cancer using a tissue microarray-based approach. Breast Cancer Res Treat 152(2):247–252. doi:10.1007/s10549-015-3444-x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dowsett M (2006) Estrogen receptor: methodology matters. J Clin Oncol 24(36):5626–5628. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.08.3485

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dowsett M, Sestak I, Buus R, Lopez-Knowles E, Mallon E, Howell A, Forbes JF, Buzdar A, Cuzick J (2015) Estrogen receptor expression in 21-gene recurrence score predicts increased late recurrence for estrogen-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 21(12):2763–2770. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-2842

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doyen J, Italiano A, Largillier R, Ferrero JM, Fontana X, Thyss A (2010) Aromatase inhibition in male breast cancer patients: biological and clinical implications. Ann Oncol 21(6):1243–1245. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp450

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative G (2005) Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 365 (9472):1687–1717. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66544-0

  • Feherty P, Farrer-Brown G, Kellie AE (1971) Oestradiol receptors in carcinoma and benign disease of the breast: an in vitro assay. Br J Cancer 25(4):697–710

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson AT, Lapidus RG, Baylin SB, Davidson NE (1995) Demethylation of the estrogen receptor gene in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells can reactivate estrogen receptor gene expression. Cancer Res 55(11):2279–2283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giordano SH, Perkins GH, Broglio K, Garcia SG, Middleton LP, Buzdar AU, Hortobagyi GN (2005) Adjuvant systemic therapy for male breast carcinoma. Cancer 104(11):2359–2364. doi:10.1002/cncr.21526

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray RG (2013) aTTom: Long-term effects of continuing adjuvant tamoxifen to 10 years versus stopping at 5 years in 6,953 women with early breast cancer. In: Abstract ASCO annual meeting 2013. J Clin Oncol (suppl; abstr 5)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruvberger-Saal SK, Bendahl PO, Saal LH, Laakso M, Hegardt C, Eden P, Peterson C, Malmstrom P, Isola J, Borg A, Ferno M (2007) Estrogen receptor beta expression is associated with tamoxifen response in ERalpha-negative breast carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 13(7):1987–1994. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1823

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond ME, Hayes DF, Dowsett M, Allred DC, Hagerty KL, Badve S, Fitzgibbons PL, Francis G, Goldstein NS, Hayes M, Hicks DG, Lester S, Love R, Mangu PB, McShane L, Miller K, Osborne CK, Paik S, Perlmutter J, Rhodes A, Sasano H, Schwartz JN, Sweep FC, Taube S, Torlakovic EE, Valenstein P, Viale G, Visscher D, Wheeler T, Williams RB, Wittliff JL, Wolff AC (2010) American Society of Clinical Oncology/College Of American Pathologists guideline recommendations for immunohistochemical testing of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 28(16):2784–2795. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.25.6529

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey JM, Clark GM, Osborne CK, Allred DC (1999) Estrogen receptor status by immunohistochemistry is superior to the ligand-binding assay for predicting response to adjuvant endocrine therapy in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 17(5):1474–1481

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinlein CA, Chang C (2002) The roles of androgen receptors and androgen-binding proteins in nongenomic androgen actions. Mol Endocrinol 16(10):2181–2187. doi:10.1210/me.2002-0070

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoefnagel LD, van de Vijver MJ, van Slooten HJ, Wesseling P, Wesseling J, Westenend PJ, Bart J, Seldenrijk CA, Nagtegaal ID, Oudejans J, van der Valk P, van der Groep P, de Vries EG, van der Wall E, van Diest PJ (2010) Receptor conversion in distant breast cancer metastases. Breast Cancer Res 12(5):R75. doi:10.1186/bcr2645

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hoefnagel LD, Moelans CB, Meijer SL, van Slooten HJ, Wesseling P, Wesseling J, Westenend PJ, Bart J, Seldenrijk CA, Nagtegaal ID, Oudejans J, van der Valk P, van Gils CH, van der Wall E, van Diest PJ (2012) Prognostic value of estrogen receptor alpha and progesterone receptor conversion in distant breast cancer metastases. Cancer 118(20):4929–4935. doi:10.1002/cncr.27518

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holst F, Moelans CB, Filipits M, Singer CF, Simon R, van Diest PJ (2012) On the evidence for ESR1 amplification in breast cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 12(2):149. doi:10.1038/nrc3093-c3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu DG, Hickey TE, Irvine C, Wijayakumara DD, Lu L, Tilley WD, Selth LA, Mackenzie PI (2014) Identification of androgen receptor splice variant transcripts in breast cancer cell lines and human tissues. Horm Cancer 5(2):61–71. doi:10.1007/s12672-014-0171-4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwamoto T, Booser D, Valero V, Murray JL, Koenig K, Esteva FJ, Ueno NT, Zhang J, Shi W, Qi Y, Matsuoka J, Yang EJ, Hortobagyi GN, Hatzis C, Symmans WF, Pusztai L (2012) Estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA and ER-related gene expression in breast cancers that are 1 % to 10 % ER-positive by immunohistochemistry. J Clin Oncol 30(7):729–734. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.36.2574

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen EV (1981) Hormone dependency of breast cancer. Cancer 47(10):2319–2326

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeselsohn R, Buchwalter G, De Angelis C, Brown M, Schiff R (2015) ESR1 mutations-a mechanism for acquired endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 12(10):573–583. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.117

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jozwik KM, Carroll JS (2012) Pioneer factors in hormone-dependent cancers. Nat Rev Cancer 12(6):381–385. doi:10.1038/nrc3263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalkman S, Barentsz MW, Witkamp AJ, van der Wall E, Verkooijen HM, van Diest PJ (2014) Brief fixation does not affect assessment of hormone receptor expression in invasive breast carcinoma biopsies: paving the road for same-day tissue diagnostics. Am J Surg Pathol 38(8):1071–1078. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000207

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King WJ, DeSombre ER, Jensen EV, Greene GL (1985) Comparison of immunocytochemical and steroid-binding assays for estrogen receptor in human breast tumors. Cancer Res 45(1):293–304

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kornegoor R, Verschuur-Maes AH, Buerger H, Hogenes MC, de Bruin PC, Oudejans JJ, van der Groep P, Hinrichs B, van Diest PJ (2012) Molecular subtyping of male breast cancer by immunohistochemistry. Mod Pathol 25(3):398–404. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2011.174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lapidus RG, Ferguson AT, Ottaviano YL, Parl FF, Smith HS, Weitzman SA, Baylin SB, Issa JP, Davidson NE (1996) Methylation of estrogen and progesterone receptor gene 5′ CpG islands correlates with lack of estrogen and progesterone receptor gene expression in breast tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2(5):805–810

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann BD, Bauer JA, Chen X, Sanders ME, Chakravarthy AB, Shyr Y, Pietenpol JA (2011) Identification of human triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and preclinical models for selection of targeted therapies. J Clin Invest 121(7):2750–2767. doi:10.1172/JCI45014

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li CI, Uribe DJ, Daling JR (2005) Clinical characteristics of different histologic types of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 93(9):1046–1052. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602787

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd MC, Allam-Nandyala P, Purohit CN, Burke N, Coppola D, Bui MM (2010) Using image analysis as a tool for assessment of prognostic and predictive biomarkers for breast cancer: how reliable is it? J Pathol Inform 1:29. doi:10.4103/2153-3539.74186

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marino M, Galluzzo P, Ascenzi P (2006) Estrogen signaling multiple pathways to impact gene transcription. Curr Genomics 7(8):497–508

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merenbakh-Lamin K, Ben-Baruch N, Yeheskel A, Dvir A, Soussan-Gutman L, Jeselsohn R, Yelensky R, Brown M, Miller VA, Sarid D, Rizel S, Klein B, Rubinek T, Wolf I (2013) D538G mutation in estrogen receptor-alpha: a novel mechanism for acquired endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Cancer Res 73(23):6856–6864. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-1197

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moelans CB, Holst F, Hellwinkel O, Simon R, van Diest PJ (2013) ESR1 amplification in breast cancer by optimized RNase FISH: frequent but low-level and heterogeneous. PLoS ONE 8(12):e84189. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084189

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montagna E, Bagnardi V, Viale G, Rotmensz N, Sporchia A, Cancello G, Balduzzi A, Galimberti V, Veronesi P, Luini A, Mastropasqua MG, Casadio C, Sangalli C, Goldhirsch A, Colleoni M (2015) Changes in PgR and Ki-67 in residual tumour and outcome of breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 26(2):307–313. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdu528

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Motamedolshariati M, Memar B, Aliakbaian M, Shakeri MT, Samadi M, Jangjoo A (2014) Accuracy of prognostic and predictive markers in core needle breast biopsies compared with excisional specimens. Breast Care (Basel) 9(2):107–110. doi:10.1159/000360787

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muresan Z, Dutu R, Voiculetz N (1986) Relationships of steroid hormone receptors, age and histological characteristics in human breast cancer. Neoplasma 33(3):371–377

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakshatri H, Badve S (2007) FOXA1 as a therapeutic target for breast cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 11(4):507–514. doi:10.1517/14728222.11.4.507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ooi A, Inokuchi M, Harada S, Inazawa J, Tajiri R, Kitamura SS, Ikeda H, Kawashima H, Dobashi Y (2012) Gene amplification of ESR1 in breast cancers–fact or fiction? A fluorescence in situ hybridization and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification study. J Pathol 227(1):8–16. doi:10.1002/path.3974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Postma EL, Verkooijen HM, van Diest PJ, Willems SM, van den Bosch MA, van Hillegersberg R (2013) Discrepancy between routine and expert pathologists’ assessment of non-palpable breast cancer and its impact on locoregional and systemic treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 717(1–3):31–35. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.12.033

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roepman P, Horlings HM, Krijgsman O, Kok M, Bueno-de-Mesquita JM, Bender R, Linn SC, Glas AM, van de Vijver MJ (2009) Microarray-based determination of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 receptor status in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 15(22):7003–7011. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roodi N, Bailey LR, Kao WY, Verrier CS, Yee CJ, Dupont WD, Parl FF (1995) Estrogen receptor gene analysis in estrogen receptor-positive and receptor-negative primary breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 87(6):446–451

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Safarpour D, Pakneshan S, Tavassoli FA (2014) Androgen receptor (AR) expression in 400 breast carcinomas: is routine AR assessment justified? Am J Cancer Res 4(4):353–368

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sefrioui D, Perdrix A, Sarafan-Vasseur N, Dolfus C, Dujon A, Picquenot JM, Delacour J, Cornic M, Bohers E, Leheurteur M, Rigal O, Tennevet I, Thery JC, Alexandru C, Guillemet C, Moldovan C, Veyret C, Frebourg T, Di Fiore F, Clatot F (2015) Short report: monitoring ESR1 mutations by circulating tumor DNA in aromatase inhibitor resistant metastatic breast cancer. Int J Cancer 137(10):2513–2519. doi:10.1002/ijc.29612

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shibata H, Spencer TE, Onate SA, Jenster G, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ, O’Malley BW (1997) Role of co-activators and co-repressors in the mechanism of steroid/thyroid receptor action. Recent Prog Horm Res 52:141–164; discussion 164–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorlie T, Perou CM, Tibshirani R, Aas T, Geisler S, Johnsen H, Hastie T, Eisen MB, van de Rijn M, Jeffrey SS, Thorsen T, Quist H, Matese JC, Brown PO, Botstein D, Lonning PE, Borresen-Dale AL (2001) Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(19):10869–10874. doi:10.1073/pnas.191367098

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamaki K, Sasano H, Ishida T, Miyashita M, Takeda M, Amari M, Tamaki N, Ohuchi N (2010) Comparison of core needle biopsy (CNB) and surgical specimens for accurate preoperative evaluation of ER, PgR and HER2 status of breast cancer patients. Cancer Sci 101(9):2074–2079. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01630.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor SE, Martin-Hirsch PL, Martin FL (2010) Oestrogen receptor splice variants in the pathogenesis of disease. Cancer Lett 288(2):133–148. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2009.06.017

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas C, Gustafsson J-Å (2011) Not enough evidence to include ESR1 amplification. Nat Rev Cancer 11(11):823

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuominen VJ, Ruotoistenmaki S, Viitanen A, Jumppanen M, Isola J (2010) ImmunoRatio: a publicly available web application for quantitative image analysis of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Ki-67. Breast Cancer Res 12(4):R56. doi:10.1186/bcr2615

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Veta M, Pluim JP, van Diest PJ, Viergever MA (2014) Breast cancer histopathology image analysis: a review. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 61(5):1400–1411. doi:10.1109/TBME.2014.2303852

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Viale G, Regan MM, Maiorano E, Mastropasqua MG, Dell’Orto P, Rasmussen BB, Raffoul J, Neven P, Orosz Z, Braye S, Ohlschlegel C, Thurlimann B, Gelber RD, Castiglione-Gertsch M, Price KN, Goldhirsch A, Gusterson BA, Coates AS (2007) Prognostic and predictive value of centrally reviewed expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in a randomized trial comparing letrozole and tamoxifen adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal early breast cancer: BIG 1-98. J Clin Oncol 25(25):3846–3852. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.11.9453

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walters KA, Simanainen U, Handelsman DJ (2010) Molecular insights into androgen actions in male and female reproductive function from androgen receptor knockout models. Hum Reprod Update 16(5):543–558. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmq003

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wimberly H, Han G, Pinnaduwage D, Murphy LC, Yang XR, Andrulis IL, Sherman M, Figueroa J, Rimm DL (2014) ERbeta splice variant expression in four large cohorts of human breast cancer patient tumors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 146(3):657–667. doi:10.1007/s10549-014-3050-3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yi M, Huo L, Koenig KB, Mittendorf EA, Meric-Bernstam F, Kuerer HM, Bedrosian I, Buzdar AU, Symmans WF, Crow JR, Bender M, Shah RR, Hortobagyi GN, Hunt KK (2014) Which threshold for ER positivity? A retrospective study based on 9639 patients. Ann Oncol 25(5):1004–1011. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdu053

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Medical Oncology and Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    K. P. M. Suijkerbuijk, E. van der Wall & P. J. van Diest

  2. Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    P. J. van Diest

Authors
  1. K. P. M. Suijkerbuijk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. van der Wall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. J. van Diest
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. J. van Diest .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

    Sunil Badve

  2. Indiana University School of Medicine, Dept of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

    Yesim Gökmen-Polar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Suijkerbuijk, K.P.M., van der Wall, E., van Diest, P.J. (2016). Hormone Receptors in Breast Cancer. In: Badve, S., Gökmen-Polar, Y. (eds) Molecular Pathology of Breast Cancer. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41761-5_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation