Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

General Strategies in Inflammasome Biology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Inflammasome Signaling and Bacterial Infections

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 397))

Abstract

The complementary actions of the innate and adaptive immune systems often provide effective host defense against microbial pathogens and harmful environmental agents. Germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) endow the innate immune system with the ability to detect and mount a rapid response against a given threat. Members of several intracellular PRR families, including the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing receptors (NLRs), the AIM2-like receptors (ALRs), and the tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) protein Pyrin/TRIM20, nucleate the formation of inflammasomes. These cytosolic scaffolds serve to recruit and oligomerize the cysteine protease caspase-1 in filaments that promote its proximity-induced autoactivation. This oligomerization occurs either directly or indirectly through intervention of the bipartite adaptor protein ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (CARD), which is needed for the domain interaction. Caspase-1 cleaves the precursors of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 and triggers their release into the extracellular space, where they act on effector cells to promote both local and systemic immune responses. Additionally, inflammasome activation gives rise to a lytic mode of cell death, named pyroptosis, which is thought to contribute to initial host defense against infection by eliminating replication niches of intracellular pathogens and exposing them to the immune system. Inflammasome-induced host defense responses are the subject of intense investigation, and understanding their physiological roles during infection and the regulatory circuits that are involved is becoming increasingly detailed. Here, we discuss current understanding of the activation mechanisms and biological outcomes of inflammasome activation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aachoui Y, Leaf IA, Hagar JA, Fontana MF, Campos CG, Zak DE, Tan MH, Cotter PA, Vance RE, Aderem A, Miao EA (2013) Caspase-11 protects against bacteria that escape the vacuole. Science 339(6122):975–978

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Aksentijevich I, Nowak M, Mallah M, Chae JJ, Watford WT, Hofmann SR, Stein L, Russo R, Goldsmith D, Dent P, Rosenberg HF, Austin F, Remmers EF, Balow JE Jr, Rosenzweig S, Komarow H, Shoham NG, Wood G, Jones J, Mangra N, Carrero H, Adams BS, Moore TL, Schikler K, Hoffman H, Lovell DJ, Lipnick R, Barron K, O’Shea JJ, Kastner DL, Goldbach-Mansky R (2002) De novo CIAS1 mutations, cytokine activation, and evidence for genetic heterogeneity in patients with neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID): a new member of the expanding family of pyrin-associated autoinflammatory diseases. Arthritis Rheum 46(12):3340–3348

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Allen IC, Scull MA, Moore CB, Holl EK, McElvania-TeKippe E, Taxman DJ, Guthrie EH, Pickles RJ, Ting JP (2009) The NLRP3 inflammasome mediates in vivo innate immunity to influenza A virus through recognition of viral RNA. Immunity 30(4):556–565

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alnemri ES (2010) Sensing cytoplasmic danger signals by the inflammasome. J Clin Immunol 30(4):512–519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Amer A, Franchi L, Kanneganti TD, Body-Malapel M, Ozoren N, Brady G, Meshinchi S, Jagirdar R, Gewirtz A, Akira S, Nunez G (2006) Regulation of Legionella phagosome maturation and infection through flagellin and host Ipaf. J Biol Chem 281(46):35217–35223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker PJ, Boucher D, Bierschenk D, Tebartz C, Whitney PG, D’Silva DB, Tanzer MC, Monteleone M, Robertson AA, Cooper MA, Alvarez-Diaz S, Herold MJ, Bedoui S, Schroder K, Masters SL (2015) NLRP3 inflammasome activation downstream of cytoplasmic LPS recognition by both caspase-4 and caspase-5. Eur J Immunol 45(10):2918–2926

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balow JE Jr, Shelton DA, Orsborn A, Mangelsdorf M, Aksentijevich I, Blake T, Sood R, Gardner D, Liu R, Pras E, Levy EN, Centola M, Deng Z, Zaks N, Wood G, Chen X, Richards N, Shohat M, Livneh A, Pras M, Doggett NA, Collins FS, Liu PP, Rotter JI, Fischel-Ghodsian N, Gumucio D, Richards RI, Kastner DL (1997) A high-resolution genetic map of the familial Mediterranean fever candidate region allows identification of haplotype-sharing among ethnic groups. Genomics 44(3):280–291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bann JG (2012) Anthrax toxin protective antigen–insights into molecular switching from prepore to pore. Protein Sci 21(1):1–12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Battistini A (2009) Interferon regulatory factors in hematopoietic cell differentiation and immune regulation. J Interferon Cytokine Res 29(12):765–780

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauernfeind FG, Horvath G, Stutz A, Alnemri ES, MacDonald K, Speert D, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Wu J, Monks BG, Fitzgerald KA, Hornung V, Latz E (2009) Cutting edge: NF-kappaB activating pattern recognition and cytokine receptors license NLRP3 inflammasome activation by regulating NLRP3 expression. J Immunol 183(2):787–791

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boehm T (2012) Evolution of vertebrate immunity. Curr Biol 22(17):R722–R732

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyden ED, Dietrich WF (2006) Nalp1b controls mouse macrophage susceptibility to anthrax lethal toxin. Nat Genet 38(2):240–244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broz P, Newton K, Lamkanfi M, Mariathasan S, Dixit VM, Monack DM (2010a) Redundant roles for inflammasome receptors NLRP3 and NLRC4 in host defense against Salmonella. J Exp Med 207(8):1745–1755

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Broz P, von Moltke J, Jones JW, Vance RE, Monack DM (2010b) Differential requirement for caspase-1 autoproteolysis in pathogen-induced cell death and cytokine processing. Cell Host Microbe 8(6):471–483

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Broz P, Ruby T, Belhocine K, Bouley DM, Kayagaki N, Dixit VM, Monack DM (2012) Caspase-11 increases susceptibility to Salmonella infection in the absence of caspase-1. Nature 490(7419):288–291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Canna SW, de Jesus AA, Gouni S, Brooks SR, Marrero B, Liu Y, DiMattia MA, Zaal KJ, Sanchez GA, Kim H, Chapelle D, Plass N, Huang Y, Villarino AV, Biancotto A, Fleisher TA, Duncan JA, O’Shea JJ, Benseler S, Grom A, Deng Z, Laxer RM, Goldbach-Mansky R (2014) An activating NLRC4 inflammasome mutation causes autoinflammation with recurrent macrophage activation syndrome. Nat Genet 46(10):1140–1146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Casson CN, Copenhaver AM, Zwack EE, Nguyen HT, Strowig T, Javdan B, Bradley WP, Fung TC, Flavell RA, Brodsky IE, Shin S (2013) Caspase-11 activation in response to bacterial secretion systems that access the host cytosol. PLoS Pathog 9(6):e1003400

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chae JJ, Wood G, Masters SL, Richard K, Park G, Smith BJ, Kastner DL (2006) The B30.2 domain of pyrin, the familial Mediterranean fever protein, interacts directly with caspase-1 to modulate IL-1beta production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(26):9982–9987

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chavarria-Smith J, Vance RE (2013) Direct proteolytic cleavage of NLRP1B is necessary and sufficient for inflammasome activation by anthrax lethal factor. PLoS Pathog 9(6):e1003452

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chisholm ST, Coaker G, Day B, Staskawicz BJ (2006) Host-microbe interactions: shaping the evolution of the plant immune response. Cell 124(4):803–814

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choubey D (2012) DNA-responsive inflammasomes and their regulators in autoimmunity. Clin Immunol 142(3):223–231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coll RC, Robertson AA, Chae JJ, Higgins SC, Munoz-Planillo R, Inserra MC, Vetter I, Dungan LS, Monks BG, Stutz A, Croker DE, Butler MS, Haneklaus M, Sutton CE, Nunez G, Latz E, Kastner DL, Mills KH, Masters SL, Schroder K, Cooper MA, O’Neill LA (2015) A small-molecule inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Nat Med 21(3):248–255

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Consortium FF (1997) A candidate gene for familial Mediterranean fever. Nat Genet 17(1):25–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Cookson BT, Brennan MA (2001) Pro-inflammatory programmed cell death. Trends Microbiol 9(3):113–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cyster JG (2010) B cell follicles and antigen encounters of the third kind. Nat Immunol 11(11):989–996

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Gassart A, Martinon F (2015) Pyroptosis: caspase-11 unlocks the gates of death. Immunity 43(5):835–837

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dinarello CA (2009) Immunological and inflammatory functions of the interleukin-1 family. Annu Rev Immunol 27:519–550

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dostert C, Petrilli V, Van Bruggen R, Steele C, Mossman BT, Tschopp J (2008) Innate immune activation through Nalp3 inflammasome sensing of asbestos and silica. Science 320(5876):674–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenbarth SC, Colegio OR, O’Connor W, Sutterwala FS, Flavell RA (2008) Crucial role for the Nalp3 inflammasome in the immunostimulatory properties of aluminium adjuvants. Nature 453(7198):1122–1126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes-Alnemri T, Yu JW, Datta P, Wu J, Alnemri ES (2009) AIM2 activates the inflammasome and cell death in response to cytoplasmic DNA. Nature 458(7237):509–513

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes-Alnemri T, Yu JW, Juliana C, Solorzano L, Kang S, Wu J, Datta P, McCormick M, Huang L, McDermott E, Eisenlohr L, Landel CP, Alnemri ES (2010) The AIM2 inflammasome is critical for innate immunity to Francisella tularensis. Nat Immunol 11(5):385–393

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Finger JN, Lich JD, Dare LC, Cook MN, Brown KK, Duraiswami C, Bertin J, Gough PJ (2012) Autolytic proteolysis within the function to find domain (FIIND) is required for NLRP1 inflammasome activity. J Biol Chem 287(30):25030–25037

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fink SL, Bergsbaken T, Cookson BT (2008) Anthrax lethal toxin and Salmonella elicit the common cell death pathway of caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis via distinct mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(11):4312–4317

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Franchi L, Kanneganti TD, Dubyak GR, Nunez G (2007) Differential requirement of P2X7 receptor and intracellular K+ for caspase-1 activation induced by intracellular and extracellular bacteria. J Biol Chem 282(26):18810–18818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frew BC, Joag VR, Mogridge J (2012) Proteolytic processing of Nlrp1b Is required for inflammasome activity. PLoS Pathog 8(4):e1002659

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gavrilin MA, Abdelaziz DH, Mostafa M, Abdulrahman BA, Grandhi J, Akhter A, Abu Khweek A, Aubert DF, Valvano MA, Wewers MD, Amer AO (2012) Activation of the pyrin inflammasome by intracellular Burkholderia cenocepacia. J Immunol 188(7):3469–3477

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gross O, Poeck H, Bscheider M, Dostert C, Hannesschlager N, Endres S, Hartmann G, Tardivel A, Schweighoffer E, Tybulewicz V, Mocsai A, Tschopp J, Ruland J (2009) Syk kinase signalling couples to the Nlrp3 inflammasome for anti-fungal host defence. Nature 459(7245):433–436

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gu Y, Kuida K, Tsutsui H, Ku G, Hsiao K, Fleming MA, Hayashi N, Higashino K, Okamura H, Nakanishi K, Kurimoto M, Tanimoto T, Flavell RA, Sato V, Harding MW, Livingston DJ, Su MS (1997) Activation of interferon-gamma inducing factor mediated by interleukin-1beta converting enzyme. Science 275(5297):206–209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guey B, Bodnar M, Manié SN, Tardivel A, Petrilli V (2014) Caspase-1 autoproteolysis is differentially required for NLRP1b and NLRP3 inflammasome function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111(48):17254–17259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guo C, Chen M, Fa Z, Lu A, Fang W, Sun B, Chen C, Liao W, Meng G (2014) Acapsular Cryptococcus neoformans activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. Microbes Infect 16(10):845–854

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gurung P, Malireddi RK, Anand PK, Demon D, Vande Walle L, Liu Z, Vogel P, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD (2012) Toll or interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-beta (TRIF)-mediated caspase-11 protease production integrates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein- and Nlrp3 inflammasome-mediated host defense against enteropathogens. J Biol Chem 287(41):34474–34483

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hagar JA, Powell DA, Aachoui Y, Ernst RK, Miao EA (2013) Cytoplasmic LPS activates caspase-11: implications in TLR4-independent endotoxic shock. Science 341(6151):1250–1253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Halle A, Hornung V, Petzold GC, Stewart CR, Monks BG, Reinheckel T, Fitzgerald KA, Latz E, Moore KJ, Golenbock DT (2008) The NALP3 inflammasome is involved in the innate immune response to amyloid-beta. Nat Immunol 9(8):857–865

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen JD, Vojtech LN, Laing KJ (2011) Sensing disease and danger: a survey of vertebrate PRRs and their origins. Dev Comp Immunol 35(9):886–897

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • He Y, Zeng MY, Yang D, Motro B, Nunez G (2016) NEK7 is an essential mediator of NLRP3 activation downstream of potassium efflux. Nature 530(7590):354–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Hise AG, Tomalka J, Ganesan S, Patel K, Hall BA, Brown GD, Fitzgerald KA (2009) An essential role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in host defense against the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Cell Host Microbe 5(5):487–497

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman HM, Mueller JL, Broide DH, Wanderer AA, Kolodner RD (2001) Mutation of a new gene encoding a putative pyrin-like protein causes familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and Muckle–Wells syndrome. Nat Genet 29(3):301–305

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hornung V, Bauernfeind F, Halle A, Samstad EO, Kono H, Rock KL, Fitzgerald KA, Latz E (2008) Silica crystals and aluminum salts activate the NALP3 inflammasome through phagosomal destabilization. Nat Immunol 9(8):847–856

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hornung V, Ablasser A, Charrel-Dennis M, Bauernfeind F, Horvath G, Caffrey DR, Latz E, Fitzgerald KA (2009) AIM2 recognizes cytosolic dsDNA and forms a caspase-1-activating inflammasome with ASC. Nature 458(7237):514–518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hulbert SH, Webb CA, Smith SM, Sun Q (2001) Resistance gene complexes: evolution and utilization. Annu Rev Phytopathol 39(1):285–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Iyer SS, He Q, Janczy JR, Elliott EI, Zhong Z, Olivier AK, Sadler JJ, Knepper-Adrian V, Han R, Qiao L, Eisenbarth SC, Nauseef WM, Cassel SL, Sutterwala FS (2013) Mitochondrial cardiolipin is required for Nlrp3 inflammasome activation. Immunity 39(2):311–323

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jin Y, Mailloux CM, Gowan K, Riccardi SL, LaBerge G, Bennett DC, Fain PR, Spritz RA (2007) NALP1 in vitiligo-associated multiple autoimmune disease. N Engl J Med 356(12):1216–1225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jin T, Perry A, Jiang J, Smith P, Curry JA, Unterholzner L, Jiang Z, Horvath G, Rathinam VA, Johnstone RW, Hornung V, Latz E, Bowie AG, Fitzgerald KA, Xiao TS (2012) Structures of the HIN domain: DNA complexes reveal ligand binding and activation mechanisms of the AIM2 inflammasome and IFI16 receptor. Immunity 36(4):561–571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jones JW, Kayagaki N, Broz P, Henry T, Newton K, O’Rourke K, Chan S, Dong J, Qu Y, Roose-Girma M, Dixit VM, Monack DM (2010) Absent in melanoma 2 is required for innate immune recognition of Francisella tularensis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(21):9771–9776

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Juliana C, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Kang S, Farias A, Qin F, Alnemri ES (2012) Non-transcriptional priming and deubiquitination regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation. J Biol Chem 287(43):36617–36622

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kanneganti TD (2010) Central roles of NLRs and inflammasomes in viral infection. Nat Rev Immunol 10(10):688–698

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kanneganti TD, Body-Malapel M, Amer A, Park JH, Whitfield J, Franchi L, Taraporewala ZF, Miller D, Patton JT, Inohara N, Nunez G (2006) Critical role for Cryopyrin/Nalp3 in activation of caspase-1 in response to viral infection and double-stranded RNA. J Biol Chem 281(48):36560–36568

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanneganti TD, Lamkanfi M, Nunez G (2007) Intracellular NOD-like receptors in host defense and disease. Immunity 27(4):549–559

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katsnelson MA, Rucker LG, Russo HM, Dubyak GR (2015) K+ efflux agonists induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation independently of Ca2+ signaling. J Immunol 194(8):3937–3952

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kayagaki N, Warming S, Lamkanfi M, Vande Walle L, Louie S, Dong J, Newton K, Qu Y, Liu J, Heldens S, Zhang J, Lee WP, Roose-Girma M, Dixit VM (2011) Non-canonical inflammasome activation targets caspase-11. Nature 479(7371):117–121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kayagaki N, Wong MT, Stowe IB, Ramani SR, Gonzalez LC, Akashi-Takamura S, Miyake K, Zhang J, Lee WP, Muszynski A, Forsberg LS, Carlson RW, Dixit VM (2013) Noncanonical inflammasome activation by intracellular LPS independent of TLR4. Science 341(6151):1246–1249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kayagaki N, Stowe IB, Lee BL, O’Rourke K, Anderson K, Warming S, Cuellar T, Haley B, Roose-Girma M, Phung QT, Liu PS, Lill JR, Li H, Wu J, Kummerfeld S, Zhang J, Lee WP, Snipas SJ, Salvesen GS, Morris LX, Fitzgerald L, Zhang Y, Bertram EM, Goodnow CC, Dixit VM (2015) Caspase-11 cleaves gasdermin D for non-canonical inflammasome signalling. Nature 526(7575):666–671

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim EK, Choi EJ (2010) Pathological roles of MAPK signaling pathways in human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) Mol Basis Dis 1802(4):396–405

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitamura A, Sasaki Y, Abe T, Kano H, Yasutomo K (2014) An inherited mutation in NLRC4 causes autoinflammation in human and mice. J Exp Med 211(12):2385–2396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Knodler LA, Crowley SM, Sham HP, Yang H, Wrande M, Ma C, Ernst RK, Steele-Mortimer O, Celli J, Vallance BA (2014) Noncanonical inflammasome activation of caspase-4/caspase-11 mediates epithelial defenses against enteric bacterial pathogens. Cell Host Microbe 16(2):249–256

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koch U, Radtke F (2011) Mechanisms of T cell development and transformation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:539–562

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kofoed EM, Vance RE (2011) Innate immune recognition of bacterial ligands by NAIPs determines inflammasome specificity. Nature 477(7366):592–595

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kortmann J, Brubaker SW, Monack DM (2015) Cutting edge: inflammasome activation in primary human macrophages is dependent on flagellin. J Immunol 195(3):815–819

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar H, Kumagai Y, Tsuchida T, Koenig PA, Satoh T, Guo Z, Jang MH, Saitoh T, Akira S, Kawai T (2009) Involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in innate and humoral adaptive immune responses to fungal beta-glucan. J Immunol 183(12):8061–8067

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laing KJ, Purcell MK, Winton JR, Hansen JD (2008) A genomic view of the NOD-like receptor family in teleost fish: identification of a novel NLR subfamily in zebrafish. BMC Evol Biol 8:42

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamkanfi M (2011) Emerging inflammasome effector mechanisms. Nat Rev Immunol 11(3):213–220

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamkanfi M, Dixit VM (2014) Mechanisms and functions of inflammasomes. Cell 157(5):1013–1022

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamkanfi M, Mueller JL, Vitari AC, Misaghi S, Fedorova A, Deshayes K, Lee WP, Hoffman HM, Dixit VM (2009) Glyburide inhibits the Cryopyrin/Nalp3 inflammasome. J Cell Biol 187(1):61–70

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lamkanfi M, Sarkar A, Vande Walle L, Vitari AC, Amer AO, Wewers MD, Tracey KJ, Kanneganti TD, Dixit VM (2010) Inflammasome-dependent release of the alarmin HMGB1 in endotoxemia. J Immunol 185(7):4385–4392

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lange C, Hemmrich G, Klostermeier UC, Lopez-Quintero JA, Miller DJ, Rahn T, Weiss Y, Bosch TC, Rosenstiel P (2011) Defining the origins of the NOD-like receptor system at the base of animal evolution. Mol Biol Evol 28(5):1687–1702

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lara-Tejero M, Sutterwala FS, Ogura Y, Grant EP, Bertin J, Coyle AJ, Flavell RA, Galan JE (2006) Role of the caspase-1 inflammasome in Salmonella typhimurium pathogenesis. J Exp Med 203(6):1407–1412

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee GS, Subramanian N, Kim AI, Aksentijevich I, Goldbach-Mansky R, Sacks DB, Germain RN, Kastner DL, Chae JJ (2012) The calcium-sensing receptor regulates the NLRP3 inflammasome through Ca2+ and cAMP. Nature 492(7427):123–127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Levandowski CB, Mailloux CM, Ferrara TM, Gowan K, Ben S, Jin Y, McFann KK, Holland PJ, Fain PR, Dinarello CA, Spritz RA (2013) NLRP1 haplotypes associated with vitiligo and autoimmunity increase interleukin-1β processing via the NLRP1 inflammasome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110(8):2952–2956

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Levinsohn JL, Newman ZL, Hellmich KA, Fattah R, Getz MA, Liu S, Sastalla I, Leppla SH, Moayeri M (2012) Anthrax lethal factor cleavage of Nlrp1 is required for activation of the inflammasome. PLoS Pathog 8(3):e1002638

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lin KM, Hu W, Troutman TD, Jennings M, Brewer T, Li X, Nanda S, Cohen P, Thomas JA, Pasare C (2014) IRAK-1 bypasses priming and directly links TLRs to rapid NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111(2):775–780

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Castejon G, Luheshi NM, Compan V, High S, Whitehead RC, Flitsch S, Kirov A, Prudovsky I, Swanton E, Brough D (2013) Deubiquitinases regulate the activity of caspase-1 and interleukin-1beta secretion via assembly of the inflammasome. J Biol Chem 288(4):2721–2733

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lotze MT, Zeh HJ, Rubartelli A, Sparvero LJ, Amoscato AA, Washburn NR, DeVera ME, Liang X, Tör M, Billiar T (2007) The grateful dead: damage-associated molecular pattern molecules and reduction/oxidation regulate immunity. Immunol Rev 220(1):60–81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magitta NF, Boe Wolff AS, Johansson S, Skinningsrud B, Lie BA, Myhr KM, Undlien DE, Joner G, Njolstad PR, Kvien TK, Forre O, Knappskog PM, Husebye ES (2009) A coding polymorphism in NALP1 confers risk for autoimmune Addison’s disease and type 1 diabetes. Genes Immun 10(2):120–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mariathasan S, Newton K, Monack DM, Vucic D, French DM, Lee WP, Roose-Girma M, Erickson S, Dixit VM (2004) Differential activation of the inflammasome by caspase-1 adaptors ASC and Ipaf. Nature 430(6996):213–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mariathasan S, Weiss DS, Newton K, McBride J, O’Rourke K, Roose-Girma M, Lee WP, Weinrauch Y, Monack DM, Dixit VM (2006) Cryopyrin activates the inflammasome in response to toxins and ATP. Nature 440(7081):228–232

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinon F, Burns K, Tschopp J (2002) The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-β. Mol Cell 10(2):417–426

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinon F, Petrilli V, Mayor A, Tardivel A, Tschopp J (2006) Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome. Nature 440(7081):237–241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinon F, Mayor A, Tschopp J (2009) The inflammasomes: guardians of the body. Annu Rev Immunol 27:229–265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masters SL, Simon A, Aksentijevich I, Kastner DL (2009) Horror autoinflammaticus: the molecular pathophysiology of autoinflammatory disease (*). Annu Rev Immunol 27:621–668

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Masters SL, Gerlic M, Metcalf D, Preston S, Pellegrini M, O’Donnell JA, McArthur K, Baldwin TM, Chevrier S, Nowell CJ, Cengia LH, Henley KJ, Collinge JE, Kastner DL, Feigenbaum L, Hilton DJ, Alexander WS, Kile BT, Croker BA (2012) NLRP1 inflammasome activation induces pyroptosis of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Immunity 37(6):1009–1023

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Matusiak M, Van Opdenbosch N, Vande Walle L, Sirard JC, Kanneganti TD, Lamkanfi M (2015) Flagellin-induced NLRC4 phosphorylation primes the inflammasome for activation by NAIP5. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112(5):1541–1546

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McNeela EA, Burke A, Neill DR, Baxter C, Fernandes VE, Ferreira D, Smeaton S, El-Rachkidy R, McLoughlin RM, Mori A, Moran B, Fitzgerald KA, Tschopp J, Petrilli V, Andrew PW, Kadioglu A, Lavelle EC (2010) Pneumolysin activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes proinflammatory cytokines independently of TLR4. PLoS Pathog 6(11):e1001191

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miao EA, Alpuche-Aranda CM, Dors M, Clark AE, Bader MW, Miller SI, Aderem A (2006) Cytoplasmic flagellin activates caspase-1 and secretion of interleukin 1beta via Ipaf. Nat Immunol 7(6):569–575

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miao EA, Ernst RK, Dors M, Mao DP, Aderem A (2008) Pseudomonas aeruginosa activates caspase 1 through Ipaf. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(7):2562–2567

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Miao EA, Leaf IA, Treuting PM, Mao DP, Dors M, Sarkar A, Warren SE, Wewers MD, Aderem A (2010a) Caspase-1-induced pyroptosis is an innate immune effector mechanism against intracellular bacteria. Nat Immunol 11(12):1136–1142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Miao EA, Mao DP, Yudkovsky N, Bonneau R, Lorang CG, Warren SE, Leaf IA, Aderem A (2010b) Innate immune detection of the type III secretion apparatus through the NLRC4 inflammasome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(7):3076–3080

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Motta VN, Markle JG, Gulban O, Mortin-Toth S, Liao KC, Mogridge J, Steward CA, Danska JS (2015) Identification of the inflammasome Nlrp1b as the candidate gene conferring diabetes risk at the Idd4.1 locus in the nonobese diabetic mouse. J Immunol 194(12):5663–5673

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munoz-Planillo R, Kuffa P, Martinez-Colon G, Smith BL, Rajendiran TM, Nunez G (2013) K(+) efflux is the common trigger of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by bacterial toxins and particulate matter. Immunity 38(6):1142–1153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nakahira K, Haspel JA, Rathinam VA, Lee SJ, Dolinay T, Lam HC, Englert JA, Rabinovitch M, Cernadas M, Kim HP, Fitzgerald KA, Ryter SW, Choi AM (2011) Autophagy proteins regulate innate immune responses by inhibiting the release of mitochondrial DNA mediated by the NALP3 inflammasome. Nat Immunol 12(3):222–230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ng J, Hirota SA, Gross O, Li Y, Ulke-Lemee A, Potentier MS, Schenck LP, Vilaysane A, Seamone ME, Feng H, Armstrong GD, Tschopp J, Macdonald JA, Muruve DA, Beck PL (2010) Clostridium difficile toxin-induced inflammation and intestinal injury are mediated by the inflammasome. Gastroenterology 139(2):542–552, 552 e1-3

    Google Scholar 

  • Nystrom S, Antoine DJ, Lundback P, Lock JG, Nita AF, Hogstrand K, Grandien A, Erlandsson-Harris H, Andersson U, Applequist SE (2013) TLR activation regulates damage-associated molecular pattern isoforms released during pyroptosis. EMBO J 32(1):86–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozen S, Bilginer Y (2014) A clinical guide to autoinflammatory diseases: familial Mediterranean fever and next-of-kin. Nat Rev Rheumatol 10(3):135–147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palm NW, Medzhitov R (2009a) Pattern recognition receptors and control of adaptive immunity. Immunol Rev 227(1):221–233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palm NW, Medzhitov R (2009b) Immunostimulatory activity of haptenated proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(12):4782–4787

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Perregaux D, Gabel CA (1994) Interleukin-1 beta maturation and release in response to ATP and nigericin. Evidence that potassium depletion mediated by these agents is a necessary and common feature of their activity. J Biol Chem 269(21):15195–15203

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perregaux DG, Gabel CA (1998) Human monocyte stimulus-coupled IL-1β posttranslational processing: modulation via monovalent cations. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 275(6):C1538–C1547

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petrilli V, Papin S, Dostert C, Mayor A, Martinon F, Tschopp J (2007) Activation of the NALP3 inflammasome is triggered by low intracellular potassium concentration. Cell Death Differ 14(9):1583–1589

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Py BF, Kim MS, Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg H, Yuan J (2013) Deubiquitination of NLRP3 by BRCC3 critically regulates inflammasome activity. Mol Cell 49(2):331–338

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qu Y, Misaghi S, Izrael-Tomasevic A, Newton K, Gilmour LL, Lamkanfi M, Louie S, Kayagaki N, Liu J, Komuves L, Cupp JE, Arnott D, Monack D, Dixit VM (2012) Phosphorylation of NLRC4 is critical for inflammasome activation. Nature 490(7421):539–542

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajan JV, Rodriguez D, Miao EA, Aderem A (2011) The NLRP3 inflammasome detects encephalomyocarditis virus and vesicular stomatitis virus infection. J Virol 85(9):4167–4172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rast JP, Smith LC, Loza-Coll M, Hibino T, Litman GW (2006) Genomic insights into the immune system of the sea urchin. Science 314(5801):952–956

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rathinam VA, Jiang Z, Waggoner SN, Sharma S, Cole LE, Waggoner L, Vanaja SK, Monks BG, Ganesan S, Latz E, Hornung V, Vogel SN, Szomolanyi-Tsuda E, Fitzgerald KA (2010) The AIM2 inflammasome is essential for host defense against cytosolic bacteria and DNA viruses. Nat Immunol 11(5):395–402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Romberg N, Al Moussawi K, Nelson-Williams C, Stiegler AL, Loring E, Choi M, Overton J, Meffre E, Khokha MK, Huttner AJ, West B, Podoltsev NA, Boggon TJ, Kazmierczak BI, Lifton RP (2014) Mutation of NLRC4 causes a syndrome of enterocolitis and autoinflammation. Nat Genet 46(10):1135–1139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sagulenko V, Thygesen SJ, Sester DP, Idris A, Cridland JA, Vajjhala PR, Roberts TL, Schroder K, Vince JE, Hill JM, Silke J, Stacey KJ (2013) AIM2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes activate both apoptotic and pyroptotic death pathways via ASC. Cell Death Differ 20(9):1149–1160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Said-Sadier N, Padilla E, Langsley G, Ojcius DM (2010) Aspergillus fumigatus stimulates the NLRP3 inflammasome through a pathway requiring ROS production and the Syk tyrosine kinase. PLoS ONE 5(4):e10008

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sauer JD, Witte CE, Zemansky J, Hanson B, Lauer P, Portnoy DA (2010) Listeria monocytogenes triggers AIM2-mediated pyroptosis upon infrequent bacteriolysis in the macrophage cytosol. Cell Host Microbe 7(5):412–419

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid-Burgk JL, Gaidt MM, Schmidt T, Ebert TS, Bartok E, Hornung V (2015) Caspase-4 mediates non-canonical activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human myeloid cells. Eur J Immunol 45(10):2911–2917

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid-Burgk JL, Chauhan D, Schmidt T, Ebert TS, Reinhardt J, Endl E, Hornung V (2016) A Genome-wide CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) screen identifies NEK7 as an essential component of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. J Biol Chem 291(1):103–109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seshadri S, Duncan MD, Hart JM, Gavrilin MA, Wewers MD (2007) Pyrin levels in human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages regulate IL-1 processing and release. J Immunol 179(2):1274–1281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shi J, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Gao W, Ding J, Li P, Hu L, Shao F (2014) Inflammatory caspases are innate immune receptors for intracellular LPS. Nature 514(7521):187–192

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shi J, Zhao Y, Wang K, Shi X, Wang Y, Huang H, Zhuang Y, Cai T, Wang F, Shao F (2015) Cleavage of GSDMD by inflammatory caspases determines pyroptotic cell death. Nature 526(7575):660–665

    Google Scholar 

  • Shi H, Wang Y, Li X, Zhan X, Tang M, Fina M, Su L, Pratt D, Bu CH, Hildebrand S, Lyon S, Scott L, Quan J, Sun Q, Russell J, Arnett S, Jurek P, Chen D, Kravchenko VV, Mathison JC, Moresco EM, Monson NL, Ulevitch RJ, Beutler B (2016) NLRP3 activation and mitosis are mutually exclusive events coordinated by NEK7, a new inflammasome component. Nat Immunol 17(3):250–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimada K, Crother TR, Karlin J, Dagvadorj J, Chiba N, Chen S, Ramanujan VK, Wolf AJ, Vergnes L, Ojcius DM, Rentsendorj A, Vargas M, Guerrero C, Wang Y, Fitzgerald KA, Underhill DM, Town T, Arditi M (2012) Oxidized mitochondrial DNA activates the NLRP3 inflammasome during apoptosis. Immunity 36(3):401–414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Spritz RA (2007) The genetics of generalized vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases. Pigment Cell Res 20(4):271–278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein C, Caccamo M, Laird G, Leptin M (2007) Conservation and divergence of gene families encoding components of innate immune response systems in zebrafish. Genome Biol 8(11):R251

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutterwala FS, Mijares LA, Li L, Ogura Y, Kazmierczak BI, Flavell RA (2007) Immune recognition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated by the IPAF/NLRC4 inflammasome. J Exp Med 204(13):3235–3245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki T, Franchi L, Toma C, Ashida H, Ogawa M, Yoshikawa Y, Mimuro H, Inohara N, Sasakawa C, Nunez G (2007) Differential regulation of caspase-1 activation, pyroptosis, and autophagy via Ipaf and ASC in Shigella-infected macrophages. PLoS Pathog 3(8):e111

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki S, Franchi L, He Y, Munoz-Planillo R, Mimuro H, Suzuki T, Sasakawa C, Nunez G (2014) Shigella type III secretion protein MxiI is recognized by Naip2 to induce Nlrc4 inflammasome activation independently of Pkcdelta. PLoS Pathog 10(2):e1003926

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi O, Akira S (2010) Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation. Cell 140(6):805–820

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tenthorey JL, Kofoed EM, Daugherty MD, Malik HS, Vance RE (2014) Molecular basis for specific recognition of bacterial ligands by NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasomes. Mol Cell 54(1):17–29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Touitou I, Lesage S, McDermott M, Cuisset L, Hoffman H, Dode C, Shoham N, Aganna E, Hugot JP, Wise C, Waterham H, Pugnere D, Demaille J, Sarrauste de Menthiere C (2004) Infevers: an evolving mutation database for auto-inflammatory syndromes. Hum Mutat 24(3):194–198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuchiya K, Hara H, Kawamura I, Nomura T, Yamamoto T, Daim S, Dewamitta SR, Shen Y, Fang R, Mitsuyama M (2010) Involvement of absent in melanoma 2 in inflammasome activation in macrophages infected with Listeria monocytogenes. J Immunol 185(2):1186–1195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vajjhala PR, Kaiser S, Smith SJ, Ong QR, Soh SL, Stacey KJ, Hill JM (2014) Identification of multifaceted binding modes for pyrin and ASC pyrin domains gives insights into pyrin inflammasome assembly. J Biol Chem 289(34):23504–23519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vallabhapurapu S, Karin M (2009) Regulation and function of NF-kappaB transcription factors in the immune system. Annu Rev Immunol 27:693–733

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Gorp H, Kuchmiy A, Van Hauwermeiren F, Lamkanfi M (2014) NOD-like receptors interfacing the immune and reproductive systems. FEBS J 281(20):4568–4582

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Opdenbosch N, Gurung P, Vande Walle L, Fossoul A, Kanneganti TD, Lamkanfi M (2014) Activation of the NLRP1b inflammasome independently of ASC-mediated caspase-1 autoproteolysis and speck formation. Nat Commun 5:3209

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vande Walle L, Van Opdenbosch N, Jacques P, Fossoul A, Verheugen E, Vogel P, Beyaert R, Elewaut D, Kanneganti TD, van Loo G, Lamkanfi M (2014) Negative regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by A20 protects against arthritis. Nature 512(7512):69–73

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Miura M, Jung Y-K, Zhu H, Li E, Yuan J (1998) Murine caspase-11, an ICE-interacting protease, is essential for the activation of ICE. Cell 92(4):501–509

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wickliffe KE, Leppla SH, Moayeri M (2008) Anthrax lethal toxin-induced inflammasome formation and caspase-1 activation are late events dependent on ion fluxes and the proteasome. Cell Microbiol 10(2):332–343

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams TM, Leeth RA, Rothschild DE, Coutermarsh-Ott SL, McDaniel DK, Simmons AE, Heid B, Cecere TE, Allen IC (2015) The NLRP1 inflammasome attenuates colitis and colitis-associated tumorigenesis. J Immunol 194(7):3369–3380

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wilmanski JM, Petnicki-Ocwieja T, Kobayashi KS (2008) NLR proteins: integral members of innate immunity and mediators of inflammatory diseases. J Leukoc Biol 83(1):13–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu J, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Alnemri ES (2010) Involvement of the AIM2, NLRC4, and NLRP3 inflammasomes in caspase-1 activation by Listeria monocytogenes. J Clin Immunol 30(5):693–702

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Xu H, Yang J, Gao W, Li L, Li P, Zhang L, Gong YN, Peng X, Xi JJ, Chen S, Wang F, Shao F (2014) Innate immune sensing of bacterial modifications of Rho GTPases by the Pyrin inflammasome. Nature 513(7517):237–241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yaron JR, Gangaraju S, Rao MY, Kong X, Zhang L, Su F, Tian Y, Glenn HL, Meldrum DR (2015) K(+) regulates Ca(2+) to drive inflammasome signaling: dynamic visualization of ion flux in live cells. Cell Death Dis 6:e1954

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu JR, Leslie KS (2011) Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome: an update on diagnosis and treatment response. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 11(1):12–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu JW, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Datta P, Wu J, Juliana C, Solorzano L, McCormick M, Zhang Z, Alnemri ES (2007) Pyrin activates the ASC pyroptosome in response to engagement by autoinflammatory PSTPIP1 mutants. Mol Cell 28(2):214–227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zamboni DS, Kobayashi KS, Kohlsdorf T, Ogura Y, Long EM, Vance RE, Kuida K, Mariathasan S, Dixit VM, Flavell RA, Dietrich WF, Roy CR (2006) The Birc1e cytosolic pattern-recognition receptor contributes to the detection and control of Legionella pneumophila infection. Nat Immunol 7(3):318–325

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y, Yang J, Shi J, Gong YN, Lu Q, Xu H, Liu L, Shao F (2011) The NLRC4 inflammasome receptors for bacterial flagellin and type III secretion apparatus. Nature 477(7366):596–600

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zurawek M, Fichna M, Januszkiewicz-Lewandowska D, Gryczynska M, Fichna P, Nowak J (2010) A coding variant in NLRP1 is associated with autoimmune Addison’s disease. Hum Immunol 71(5):530–534

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We apologize to colleagues whose work is not cited due to space constraints. A.W. is supported in part by a fellowship from the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders. Work in ML’s laboratory is supported by grants from VIB, Ghent University (BOF 01N02313, BOF 01J11113, BOF14/GOA/013), the Odysseus Foundation (grant Nr. G0C4913N to A.W. and M.L.), the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders (grant G011315N), and the European Research Council (grant 281600).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. NOD-like Receptor and Inflammasome Laboratory, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium

    Hanne Dubois, Andy Wullaert & Mohamed Lamkanfi

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Hanne Dubois, Andy Wullaert & Mohamed Lamkanfi

Authors
  1. Hanne Dubois
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Andy Wullaert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mohamed Lamkanfi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohamed Lamkanfi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology , Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen/Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

    Steffen Backert

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dubois, H., Wullaert, A., Lamkanfi, M. (2016). General Strategies in Inflammasome Biology. In: Backert, S. (eds) Inflammasome Signaling and Bacterial Infections. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 397. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41171-2_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation