Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cancer Incidence and Mortality Patterns Among Chinese Americans

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cancer Epidemiology Among Asian Americans

  • 500 Accesses

Abstract

Chinese is the largest Asian ethnic group in the USA with four million individuals accounting for 23.1 % of the total Asian Americans and 1.3 % of the total US population. Given its large population size and the long history of migration to many countries throughout the world, Chinese immigrants are a valuable resource for epidemiologic investigations of cancer and other diseases to identify environmental and lifestyle risk factors and to understand the interactions between genetics and environment in disease etiology. Using data from population-based cancer registries, this chapter examines the sex-specific cancer incidence and mortality rates of common cancers among Chinese Americans and their relative risks as compared to whites or non-Hispanic (NH) whites. Comparisons of incidence trends and age-specific patterns by cancer type between Chinese Americans and Chinese in China are also provided. For most of the cancers examined, Chinese Americans have lower incidence and mortality rates than the NH whites, but they have substantially higher risk for nasopharyngeal, liver, and stomach cancers and slightly higher risk of gallbladder cancer. Except for lung and colorectal cancer, Chinese Americans display intermediate-risk level between the US whites and Chinese in China. The cancer experience of Chinese Americans highlights the significance of environmental and lifestyle factors in cancer development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. United States Department of Homeland Security (2013) Yearbook of immigration statistics: 2012. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics, Washington. http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_yb_2012.pdf. Accessed 25 June 2015

  2. Kwong P, Miscevic D (2005) Chinese America. The New Press, New York, p 44. ISBN 1-56584-962-0

    Google Scholar 

  3. Iris Chang (2003) The Chinese in America. Penguin Books, New York, pp 34–35. ISBN 0-670-03123-2

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hoeffel EM, Rastogi S, Kim MO, Shahid H (2012) The Asian population: 2010. 2010 census briefs. U.S. Census Bureau, Suitland, http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-11.pdf. Accessed 25 June 2015

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ryan C (2013) Language use in the United States: 2011. American community survey reports. U.S. Census Bureau, Suitland, http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdf. Accessed 25 June 2015

    Google Scholar 

  6. United States Department of Labor (2014). The economic status of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in the Wake of the Great Recession. http://www.dol.gov/_sec/media/reports/20140828-AAPI.pdf. Accessed 25 June 2015

  7. Smith LR (1956) Recorded and expected mortality among the Chinese of Hawaii and the United States with special reference to cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 17(5):667–676

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. King H, Haenszel W (1973) Cancer mortality among foreign- and native-born Chinese in the United States. J Chronic Dis 26:623–646

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Fraumeni JF, Mason TJ (1974) Cancer mortality among Chinese Americans, 1950-69. J Natl Cancer Inst 52(3):659–665

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. King H, Li JY, Locke FB, Pollack ES, Tu JT (1985) Patterns of site-specific displacement in cancer mortality among migrants: the Chinese in the United States. Am J Public Health 75(3):237–242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Lilienfeld DE (2008) Harold Fred Dorn and the First National Cancer Survey (1937–1939): the founding of modern cancer epidemiology. Am J Public Health 98:2150–2158. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117440

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Howlader N et al (eds) (2013). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2010. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2010/, based on November 2012 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2013

  13. International Agency for Research on Cancer. CI5Plus. http://ci5.iarc.fr/CI5plus/Default.aspx. Accessed 25 June 2015

  14. Miller BA, Chu KC, Hankey BF, Ries LA (2008) Cancer incidence and mortality patterns among specific Asian and Pacific Islander populations in the U.S. Cancer Causes Control 19(3):227–256

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Gomez SL, Noone AM, Lichtensztajn DY, Scoppa S, Gibson JT, Liu L, Morris C, Kwong S, Fish K, Wilkens L, Goodman M, Deapen D, Miller BA (2013) Cancer incidence trends among Asian American populations in the United States, 1990-2008. J Natl Cancer Inst 105(15):1096–1110

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Liu L, Noone AM, Gomez SL, Scoppa S, Gibson JT, Lichtensztajn D, Fish K, Goodman M, Wilkens L, Morris C, Kwong S, Deapen D, Miller BA (2013) Cancer Incidence Trends among Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders in the U.S., 1990-2008. J Natl Cancer Inst 105(15):1086–1095

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program (www.seer.cancer.gov) SEER*Stat Database: Incidence —SEER 11, plus Greater CA and NJ, Nov 2010 Sub (1990–2008) detailed API plus White Non-Hispanic—pops projected from populations, National Cancer Institute, DCCPS, Surveillance Research Program, Cancer Statistics Branch, released June 2011 (updated 10/28/2011), based on the November 2010 submission

  18. International Agency for Research on Cancer. CI5: Cancer in five continents. http://ci5.iarc.fr/Default.aspx. Accessed 31 May 2015

  19. International Agency for Research on Cancer. CI5plus: Cancer in Five Continents Time Trends. http://ci5.iarc.fr/CI5plus/Pages/online.aspx. Accessed 31 May 2015

  20. Deapen D, Liu L, Perkins C, Bernstein L, Ross RK (2002) Rapidly rising breast cancer incidence rates among Asian-American women. Int J Cancer 99:747–750

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Liu L, Zhang J, Wu AH, Pike MC, Deapen D (2012) Invasive breast cancer incidence trends by detailed race/ethnicity and age. Int J Cancer 130(2):395–404

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM (2010) Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC Cancer Base No.10. GLOBOCAN 2008. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  23. Fan L, Strasser-Weippl K, Li JJ, St Louis J, Finkelstein DM, Yu KD, Chen WQ, Shao ZM, Goss PE (2014) Breast cancer in China. Lancet Oncol 15(7):e279–e289. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70567-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Fan L, Zheng Y, Yu KD et al (2009) Breast cancer in a transitional society over 18 years: trends and present status in Shanghai, China. Breast Cancer Res Treat 117:409–416

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Linos E, Spanos D, Rosner BA et al (2008) Effects of reproductive and demographic changes on breast cancer incidence in China: a modeling analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 100:1352–1360

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhang Q, Liu LY, Wang F, Mu K, Yu ZG (2012) The changes in female physical and childbearing characteristics in China and potential association with risk of breast cancer. BMC Public Health 12:368. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-368

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Turati F, La Vecchia C (2012) Risk factors for breast cancer in China: similarities and differences with western populations. Arch Med Sci 8:179–182

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Bertucci F, Birnbaum D (2008) Reasons for breast cancer heterogeneity. J Biol 7(2):6. doi:10.1186/jbiol67

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Rose DP, Vona-Davis L (2010) Interaction between menopausal status and obesity in affecting breast cancer risk. Maturitas 66(1):33–38

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hemminki K, Försti A, Sundquist J, Mousavi S (2011) Preventable breast cancer is postmenopausal. Breast Cancer Res Treat 125:163–167

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. De Angelis D, Rittenhouse HG, Mikolajczyk SD, Shamel LB, Semjonow A (2007) Twenty years of PSA: from prostate antigen to tumor marker. Rev Urol 9(3):113–123

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Sirovich BE, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S (2003) Screening men for prostate and colorectal cancer in the United States: does practice reflect the evidence? JAMA 289:1414–1420

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Zhang L, Wu S, Guo LR, Zhao XJ (2009) Diagnostic strategies and the incidence of prostate cancer: reasons for the low reported incidence of prostate cancer in China. Asian J Androl 11(1):9–13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research (2007) Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. AICR, Washington, pp 305–309, http://www.aicr.org/assets/docs/pdf/reports/Second_Expert_Report.pdf. Accessed 31 May 2015

    Google Scholar 

  35. Zheng J, Yang B, Huang T, Yu Y, Yang J, Li D (2011) Green tea and black tea consumption and prostate cancer risk: an exploratory meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr Cancer 63(5):663–672. doi:10.1080/01635581.2011.570895

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Yan L, Spitznagel EL (2009) Soy consumption and prostate cancer risk in men: a revisit of a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 89(4):1155–1163. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27029

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Sim HG, Cheng CWS (2005) Changing demography of prostate cancer in Asia. Eur J Cancer 41(6):834–845

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ito K (2014) Prostate cancer in Asian men. Nat Rev Urol 11:197–212

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. McCracken M, Olsen M, Chen MS Jr, Jemal A, Thun M et al (2007) Cancer incidence, mortality, and associated risk factors among Asian Americans of Chinese, Filipino, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese ethnicities. CA Cancer J Clin 57:190–205

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kamangar F, Dores GM, Anderson WF (2006) Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world. J Clin Oncol 24:2137–2150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Ye DW, Li CL (2007) Epidemiological trends of prostate cancer: retrospect and prospect. China Clin Oncol 17:177–180

    Google Scholar 

  42. Caraballo RS, Yee SL, Gfroerer J, Mirza SA (2008) Adult tobacco use among racial and ethnic groups living in the United States, 2002-2005. Prev Chronic Dis 5:A78

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Choi S, Rankin S, Stewart A, Oka R (2008) Effects of acculturation on smoking behavior in Asian Americans: a meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Nurs 23:67–73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Epplein M, Schwartz SM, Potter JD, Weiss NS (2005) Smoking-adjusted lung cancer incidence among Asian-Americans (United States). Cancer Causes Control 16:1085–1090

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Le Marchand L, Wilkens LR, Kolonel LN (1992) Ethnic differences in the lung cancer risk associated with smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1:103–107

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Torok S, Hegedus B, Laszlo V, Hoda MA, Ghanim B, Berger W et al (2011) Lung cancer in never smokers. Future Oncol 7:1195–1211

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Zhou W, Christiani DC (2011) East meets West: ethnic differences in epidemiology and clinical behaviors of lung cancer between East Asians and Caucasians. Chin J Cancer 30:287–292

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Osann KE (1991) Lung cancer in women: the importance of smoking, family history of cancer, and medical history of respiratory disease. Cancer Res 51:4893–4897

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Samet JM, Avila-Tang E, Boffetta P, Hannan LM, Olivo-Marston S, Thun MJ et al (2009) Lung cancer in never smokers: clinical epidemiology and environmental risk factors. Clin Cancer Res 15:5626–5645

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Seow A, Poh WT, Teh M, Eng P, Wang YT, Tan WC et al (2000) Fumes from meat cooking and lung cancer risk in Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9:1215–1221

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Subramanian J, Govindan R (2007) Lung cancer in never smokers: a review. J Clin Oncol 25:561–570

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Vineis P, Hoek G, Krzyzanowski M, Vigna-Taglianti F, Veglia F, Airoldi L et al (2007) Lung cancers attributable to environmental tobacco smoke and air pollution in non-smokers in different European countries: a prospective study. Environ Health 6:7. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-6-7

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Xu ZY, Blot WJ, Xiao HP, Wu A, Feng YP, Stone BJ et al (1989) Smoking, air pollution, and the high rates of lung cancer in Shenyang, China. J Natl Cancer Inst 81:1800–1806

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Lim WY, Chen Y, Chuah KL, Eng P, Leong SS, Lim E et al (2012) Female reproductive factors, gene polymorphisms in the estrogen metabolism pathway, and risk of lung cancer in Chinese women. Am J Epidemiol 175:492–503

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Zhao B, Seow A, Lee EJ, Poh WT, Teh M, Eng P et al (2001) Dietary isothiocyanates, glutathione Stransferase-M1, -T1 polymorphisms and lung cancer risk among Chinese women in Singapore. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10:1063–1067

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Lim WY, Chuah KL, Eng P, Leong SS, Lim E, Lim TK et al (2011) Meat consumption and risk of lung cancer among never-smoking women. Nutr Cancer 63:850–859

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Lim WY, Chen Y, Ali SM, Chuah KL, Eng P, Leong SS et al (2011) Polymorphisms in inflammatory pathway genes, host factors and lung cancer risk in Chinese female never-smokers. Carcinogenesis 32:522–529

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Gomez SL, Yang J, Lin SW, McCusker M, Sandler A, Cheng I, Wakelee HA, Patel MI, Clarke CA (2015) Incidence trends of lung cancer by immigration status among Chinese Americans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 24(8):1157–1164. doi:10.1158/1055-9965

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Cheng I, Le GM, Noone AM, Gali K, Patel M, Haile RW et al (2014) Lung cancer incidence trends by histology type among Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander populations in the United States, 1990-2010. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 23:2250–2265

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Johns LE, Houlston RS (2001) A systematic review and meta analysis of familial colorectal cancer risk. Am J Gastroenterol 96:2992–3003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Butterworth AS, Higgins JP, Pharoah P (2006) Relative and absolute risk of colorectal cancer for individuals with a family history: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 42:216–227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lynch HT, de la Chapelle A (2003) Hereditary colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 348:919–932

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Larsson SC, Wolk A (2007) Obesity and colon and rectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr 86:556–565

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Wang Y, Jacobs EJ, Patel AV et al (2008) A prospective study of waist circumference and body mass index in relation to colorectal cancer incidence. Cancer Causes Control 19:783–792

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Chen W, Zheng R, Zeng H, Zhang S, He J (2015) Annual report on status of cancer in China, 2011. Chin J Cancer Res. doi:10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2015.01.06

    Google Scholar 

  66. Sung JJ, Lau JY, Goh KL, Leung WK (2005) Increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in Asia: implications for screening. Lancet Oncol 6:871–876

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Zauber AG, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Knudsen AB, Wilschut J, van Ballegooijen M, Kuntz KM (2008) Evaluating test strategies for colorectal cancer screening: a decision analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 149:659–669

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Zapka J (2008) Innovative provider—and health system-directed approaches to improving colorectal cancer screening delivery. Med Care 46(9 suppl 1):S62–S67

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Wu X, Cokkinides V, Chen VW et al (2006) Associations of subsite-specific colorectal cancer incidence rates and stage of disease at diagnosis with county-level poverty, by race and sex. Cancer 107(5 suppl):1121–1117

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Edwards BK et al (2010) Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2006, featuring colorectal cancer trends and impact of interventions (risk factors, screening, and treatment) to reduce future rates. Cancer 116:544–573

    Google Scholar 

  71. Felix-Aaron K, Moy E, Kang M, Patel M, Chesley FD, Clancy C (2005) Variation in quality of men’s health care by race/ethnicity and social class. Med Care 43(3 Suppl):I72–I81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Sun WY, Basch CE, Wolf RL, Li XJ (2004) Factors associated with colorectal cancer screening among Chinese-Americans. Prev Med 39:323–329

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Tang TS, Solomon LJ, McCracken LM (2001) Barriers to fecal occult blood testing and sigmoidoscopy among older Chinese-American women. Cancer Pract 9:277–282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Tu SP, Taylor V, Yasui Y, Chun A, Yip MP, Acorda E, Li L, Bastani R (2006) Promoting culturally appropriate colorectal cancer screening through a health educator: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer 107(5):959–966

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Haenszel W, Kurihara M (1968) Studies of Japanese migrants. I mortality from cancer and other diseases among Japanese in the United States. Natl Cancer Inst 40(1):43–68

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Kolonel LN, Hinds MW, Hankin JH (1980) Cancer patterns among migrant and native-born Japanese in Hawaii in relation to smoking, drinking, and dietary habits. In: Gelboin HV (ed) Genetics and environmental factors in experimental and human cancer. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 327–340

    Google Scholar 

  77. Maskarinec G, Noh JJ (2004) The effect of migration on cancer incidence among Japanese in Hawaii. Ethn Dis 14:431–439

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Peleteiro B, La Vecchia C, Lunet N (2012) The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the web of gastric cancer causation. Eur J Cancer Prev 21(2):118–125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Bertuccio P, Chatenoud L, Levi F, Praud D, Ferlay J, Negri E, Malvezzi M, La Vecchia C (2009) Recent patterns in gastric cancer: a global overview. Int J Cancer 125:666–673

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Yamaguchi N, Kakizoe T (2001) Synergistic interaction between Helicobacter pylori gastritis and diet in gastric cancer. Lancet Oncol 2(2):88–94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Lee SA, Kang D, Shim KN, Choe JW, Hong WS, Choi H (2003) Effect of diet and Helicobacter pylori infection to the risk of early gastric cancer. J Epidemiol 13(3):162–168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Ladeiras-Lopes R, Pereira AK, Nogueira A, Pinheiro-Torres T, Pinto I, Santos-Pereira R, Lunet N (2008) Smoking and gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Cancer Causes Control 19:689–701

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Shikata K, Doi Y, Yonemoto K, Arima H, Ninomiya T, Kubo M, Tanizaki Y, Matsumoto T, Iida M, Kiyohara Y (2008) Population-based prospective study of the combined influence of cigarette smoking and Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric cancer incidence: the Hisayama Study. Am J Epidemiol 168:1409–1415

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Bertuccio P, Rosato V, Andreano A, Ferraroni M, Decarli A, Edefonti V, La Vecchia C (2013) Dietary patterns and gastric cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 24:1450–1458

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Park B, Shin A, Park SK, Ko KP, Ma SH, Lee EH, Gwack J, Jung EJ, Cho LY, Yang JJ, Yoo KY (2011) Ecological study for refrigerator use, salt, vegetable, and fruit intakes, and gastric cancer. Cancer Causes Control 22(11):1497–1502. doi:10.1007/s10552-011-9823-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Parkin DM (2006) The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int J Cancer 118(12):3030–3044

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. El-Serag HB (2012) Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 142(6):1264–1273

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. IOM (Institute of Medicine) (2010) Hepatitis and liver cancer: a National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. The National Academies Press, Washington, http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/PDFs/IOM-HepatitisAndLiverCancerReport.pdf. Accessed 31 May 2015

    Google Scholar 

  89. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006) Screening for chronic hepatitis B among Asian/Pacific Islander populations—New York City, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55(18):505–509

    Google Scholar 

  90. Chao S, Lee PV, Prapong W, Su J, So S (2004) High prevalence of chronic hepatitis B (HBV) infection in adult Chinese Americans living in California. Hepatology 40(Suppl 1):717A

    Google Scholar 

  91. Gao S, Yang WS, Bray F, Va P, Zhang W, Gao J et al (2012) Declining rates of hepatocellular carcinoma in urban Shanghai: incidence trends in 1976–2005. Eur J Epidemiol 27(1):39–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Strong C, Lee S, Tanaka M, Juon HS (2012) Ethnic differences in prevalence and barriers of HBV screening and vaccination among Asian Americans. J Community Health 37:1071–1080

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Taylor VM, Tu SP, Woodall E et al (2006) Hepatitis B knowledge and practices among Chinese immigrants to the United States. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 7(2):313–317

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Thompson MJ, Taylor VM, Jackson JC, Yasui Y, Kuniyuki A, Tu SP, Hislop TG (2002) Hepatitis B knowledge and practices among Chinese American women in Seattle, Washington. J Cancer Educ 17:222–226

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Shih WL, Chang HC, Liaw YF, Lin SM, Lee SD, Chen PJ et al (2012) Influences of tobacco and alcohol use on hepatocellular carcinoma survival. Int J Cancer 131(11):2612–2621

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Ezzati M, Riboli E (2013) Behavioral and dietary risk factors for noncommunicable diseases. N Engl J Med 369(10):954–964

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Chuang SC, La Vecchia C, Boffetta P (2009) Liver cancer: descriptive epidemiology and risk factors other than HBV and HCV infection. Cancer Lett 286(1):9–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Zhang Y, Ren JS, Shi JF, Li N, Wang YT, Qu C, Zhang Y, Dai M (2015) International trends in primary liver cancer incidence from 1973 to 2007. BMC Cancer 15:94. doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1113-4

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Tsao SW, Yip YL, Tsang CM, Pang PS, Lau VM, Zhang G, Lo KW (2014) Etiological factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oral Oncol 50(5):330–338. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.02.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Chang ET, Adami HO (2006) The enigmatic epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15(10):1765–1777

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Lo KW, To KF, Huang DP (2004) Focus on nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Cell 5(5):423–428

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Yu MC, Yuan JM (2002) Epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 12(6):421–429

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Warnakulasuriya KA, Johnson NW, Linklater KM, Bell J (1999) Cancer of mouth, pharynx and nasopharynx in Asian and Chinese immigrants resident in Thames regions. Oral Oncol 35:471–475

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. McCredie M, Williams S, Coates M (1999) Cancer mortality in East and Southeast Asian migrants to New South Wales, Australia, 1975-1995. Br J Cancer 79:1277–1282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Buell P (1974) The effect of migration on the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer among Chinese. Cancer Res 34:1189–1191

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Jia WH, Huang QH, Liao J, Ye W, Shugart YY, Liu Q et al (2006) Trends in incidence and mortality of nasopharyngeal carcinoma over a 20-25 year period (1978/1983-2002) in Sihui and Cangwu counties in southern China. BMC Cancer 6:178

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  107. Cao SM, Simons MJ, Qian CN (2011) The prevalence and prevention of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in China. Chin J Cancer 30:114–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Hsu C, Shen YC, Cheng CC, Hong RL, Chang CJ, Cheng AL (2006) Difference in the incidence trend of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal carcinomas in Taiwan: implication from age-period-cohort analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15(5):856–861

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Singapore Cancer Registry (2010) Trends in cancer incidence in Singapore 1968–2007. Singapore Cancer Registry Report No. 7. https://www.nrdo.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/Publications-Cancer/inc_report_v8.pdf?sfvrsn=0. Accessed 2 Feb 2016

  110. Misra S, Chaturvedi A, Misra NC, Sharma ID (2003) Carcinoma of the gallbladder. Lancet Oncol 4:167–176

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Pandey M (2003) Risk factors for gallbladder cancer: a reappraisal. Eur J Cancer Prev 12:15–24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Hundal R, Shaffer EA (2014) Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and outcome. Clin Epidemiol 6:99–109. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S37357

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. Lai CH, Lau WY (2008) Gallbladder cancer—a comprehensive review. Surgeon 6:101–110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Dutta U, Nagi B, Garg PK, Sinha SK, Singh K, Tandon RK (2005) Patients with gallstones develop gallbladder cancer at an earlier age. Eur J Cancer Prev 14(4):381–385

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Hsing AW, Bai Y, Andreotti G et al (2007) Family history of gallstones and the risk of biliary tract cancer and gallstones: a population-based study. Int J Cancer 121:832–838

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  116. Pandey M (2006) Environmental pollutants in gallbladder carcinogenesis. J Surg Oncol 93(8):640–643

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Darby SC, Whitley E, Howe GR, Hutchings SJ, Kusiak RA, Lubin JH et al (1995) Radon and cancers other than lung cancer in underground miners: a collaborative analysis of 11 studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 87(5):378–384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Rai A, Mohapatra SC, Shukla HS (2004) A review of association of dietary factors in gallbladder cancer. Indian J Cancer 41:147–151

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Jain K, Sreenivas V, Velpandian T, Kapil U, Garg PK (2012) Risk factors for gallbladder cancer: a case-control study. Int J Cancer 132(7):1660–1666

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Kato K, Akai S, Tominaya KS, Kato J (1989) A case control study of biliary tract cancer in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res 80:932–938

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Financial Disclosure

The authors declare no financial benefits in writing this chapter. Work by Liu and Deapen was supported by the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under Contract No. HHSN261201000035C, and by grant number U58DP003862-10 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The ideas and opinions expressed herein are those of the authors, and no endorsement by the funding agencies or the federal government is intended or should be inferred.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Los Angeles Cancer Surveillance Program, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA

    Lihua Liu Ph.D. & Dennis Deapen Dr.P.H.

  2. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Anna H. Wu Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Lihua Liu Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dennis Deapen Dr.P.H.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Anna H. Wu Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lihua Liu Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Anna H. Wu

  2. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Daniel O. Stram

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Liu, L., Deapen, D., Wu, A.H. (2016). Cancer Incidence and Mortality Patterns Among Chinese Americans. In: Wu, A., Stram, D. (eds) Cancer Epidemiology Among Asian Americans. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41118-7_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation