Abstract
This chapter contains two case studies of regional cooperation within Southeast Asia. The network analysis of ASEAN demonstrates that the region is dependent on extra-regional trade with the EU and the USA, but also with China and Japan. However, the region is not dominated by a single regional power, but by the four member states Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand, each with comparable economic weight within the region. As a result, none of the ASEAN member states is ‘naturally’ privileged in its economic relations to extra-regional partners. Thus, regional defection in order to protect extra-regional economic privileges becomes less likely.
The first case study deals with regional cooperation within ASEAN in order to establish a free trade area in the early 1990s. The ASEAN Free Trade Area was clearly a project in the spirit of the New Regionalism. Its goal was to make ASEAN more attractive as an addressee of international investment flows. And indeed, the region was rather successful during the 1990s. It became a very popular destination of international investments, even if this was not only due to the free trade area, but also to other policies of economic liberalisation. The tides were turning when the Asian crisis hit the region during the end of the 1990s.
The second case study deals with the events after the Asian crisis. ASEAN was not able to provide a regional answer to that crisis, and many observers concluded from this fact that regional integration in Southeast Asia would stagnate in the following years. However, directly after the Asian crisis, the ASEAN+3 process started. The extra-regional countries China, Japan, and Korea suffered from the negative externalities of the Asian crisis and had an interest in stabilising their regional neighbourhood in economic terms. Thus, the Chiang Mai Initiative provides liquidity for the ASEAN member states in cases of crisis and three ASEAN+1 trade agreements grant access to China’s, Japan’s, and Korea’s markets. Due to this successful extra-regional cooperation, regional integration within ASEAN itself gained new momentum as well. The most important indicator of that is the adoption of the ASEAN Charter in 2007, which is a first step away from the ‘ASEAN way’ towards a more formalised regional organisation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acharya, A. (1999). Realism, Institutionalism, and the Asian Economic Crisis. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 21, 1–29.
Acharya, A. (2001). Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order. London: Routledge.
Acharya, A. (2011). The Future of ASEAN: Obsolescent or Resilient? In L. Y. Yoong (Ed.), ASEAN Matters! Reflecting on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (pp. 283–288). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
Ariff, M. (1994). AFTA = Another Futile Trade Area? Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Malaya.
Ariff, M. (1996). From ASEAN-Six to ASEAN-Ten: Issues and Prospects. In J. L. H. Tan (Ed.), AFTA in the Changing International Economy (pp. 66–75). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Athukorala, P.-C., & Menon, J. (1996). Foreign Direct Investments: Can AFTA Make a Difference? In J. L. H. Tan (Ed.), AFTA in the Changing International Economy (pp. 76–92). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Ba, A. D. (2003). China and ASEAN: Renavigating Relations for a 21st-Century Asia. Asian Survey, 43, 622–647.
Baldwin, R. E. (2006). Multilateralising Regionalism: Spaghetti Bowls as Building Blocs on the Path to Global Free Trade. The World Economy, 29, 1451–1518.
Baldwin, R. E., & Seghezza, E. (2010). Are Trade Blocs Building or Stumbling Blocs? Journal of Economic Integration, 25, 276–297.
Bhagwati, J. N. (1988). Export-Promoting Trade Strategy. World Bank Research Observer, 3, 27–57.
Bowles, P. (1997). ASEAN, AFTA and the “New Regionalism”. Pacific Affairs, 10, 219–233.
Bowles, P. (2002). Asia’s Post-Crisis Regionalism: Bringing the State Back in, Keeping the (United) States Out. Review of International Political Economy, 9, 244–270.
Cai, K. G. (2003). The ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement and East Asian Regional Grouping. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 25, 387–404.
Capie, D., & Evans, P. (2002). The ASEAN Way. In D. Capie & P. Evans (Eds.), The Asia-Pacific Security Lexicon. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Capling, A., & Ravenhill, J. (2011). Multilateralising Regionalism: What Role for the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement? The Pacific Review, 24, 553–575.
Chalermpalanupap, T. (2009). In Defence of the ASEAN Charter. In T. Koh, R. G. Manalo, & W. Woon (Eds.), The Making of the ASEAN Charter (pp. 117–135). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
Chirathivat, S. (1996). ASEAN Economic Integration with the World through AFTA. In J. L. H. Tan (Ed.), AFTA in the Changing International Economy (pp. 21–41). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Chirathivat, S. (2006). ASEAN’s Role and Interests in the Formation of East Asian Regionalism (Working Paper).
Corning, G. P. (2009). Between Bilateralism and Regionalism in East Asia: The ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership. The Pacific Review, 22, 639–665.
Cuyvers, L., De Lombaerde, P., & Verherstraeten, S. (2005). From AFTA Towards an ASEAN Economic Community … and Beyond (CAS Discussion Paper No 46).
Cuyvers, L., & Pupphavesa, W. (1996). From ASEAN to AFTA (CAS Discussion Paper No 6).
Dieter, H. (2008). ASEAN and the Emerging Monetary Regionalism: A Case of Limited Contribution. The Pacific Review, 21, 489–506.
Dieter, H., & Higgott, R. (2003). Exploring Alternative Theories of Economic Regionalism: From Trade to Finance in Asian Co-operation? Review of International Political Economy, 10, 430–454.
Dosch, J. (1997). Die ASEAN: Bilanz eines Erfolges. Hamburg: Abera Verlag.
Dosch, J. (2008). ASEAN’s Reluctant Liberal Turn and the Thorny Road to Democracy Promotion. The Pacific Review, 21, 527–545.
Emmers, R. (2014). Indonesia’s Role in ASEAN: A Case of Incomplete and Sectorial Leadership. The Pacific Review, 27, 543–562.
Freistein, K. (2013). “A Living Document”: Promises of the ASEAN Charter. The Pacific Review, 26, 407–429.
Garcia, M. (2013). From Idealism to Realism? EU Preferential Trade Agreement Policy. Journal of Contemporary European Research, 9, 521–541.
Gilson, J. (2004). Complex Regional Multilateralism: “Strategising” Japan’s Responses to Southeast Asia. The Pacific Review, 17, 71–94.
Gilson, J. (2006). Region Building in East Asia: ASEAN Plus Three and Beyond. In P. J. J. Welfens, F. Knipping, S. Chirathivat, & C. Ryan (Eds.), Integration in Asia and Europe: Historical Dynamics, Political Issues, and Economic Perspectives (pp. 217–234). Heidelberg: Springer.
Grimes, W. W. (2011a). The Asian Monetary Fund Reborn? Implications of Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralization. Asia Policy, 11, 79–104.
Grimes, W. W. (2011b). The Future of Regional Liquidity Arrangements in East Asia: Lessons from the Global Financial Crisis. The Pacific Review, 24, 291–310.
Grimes, W. W. (2015). East Asian Financial Regionalism: Why Economic Enhancements Undermine Political Sustainability. Contemporary Politics, 21, 145–160.
Hayakawa, K., Hiratsuka, D., Shiino, K., & Sukegawa, S. (2013). Who Uses Free Trade Agreements? Asian Economic Journal, 27, 245–264.
Henning, C. R. (2002). East Asian Financial Cooperation (Policy Analyses in International Economics 68). Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
Igusa, K., & Shimada, H. (1996). AFTA and Japan. In J. L. H. Tan (Ed.), AFTA in the Changing International Economy (pp. 139–163). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Ikenberry, G. J. (2008). The Rise of China and the Future of the West: Can the Liberal System Survive? Foreign Affairs, 87, 23–37.
Jetschke, A., & Murray, P. (2012). Diffusing Regional Integration: The EU and Southeast Asia. West European Politics, 35, 174–191.
Jetschke, A., & Rüland, J. (2009). Decoupling Rhetoric and Practice: The Cultural Limits of ASEAN Cooperation. The Pacific Review, 22, 179–203.
Jiang, Y. (2010). Response and Responsibility: China in East Asian Financial Cooperation. The Pacific Review, 23, 603–623.
Jones, D. M. (2008). Security and Democracy: The ASEAN Charter and the Dilemma of Regionalism in Southeast Asia. International Affairs, 84, 735–756.
Katzenstein, P. J. (2000). Regionalism and Asia. New Political Economy, 5, 353–368.
Kingdon, J. W. (1995). Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. New York: Pearson.
Koga, K. (2014). Institutional Transformation of ASEAN: ZOPFAN, TAC, and the Bali Concord I in 1968-1976. The Pacific Review, 27, 729–753.
Koh, T. (2009). The Negotiating Process. In T. Koh, R. G. Manalo, & W. Woon (Eds.), The Making of the ASEAN Charter (pp. 47–68). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
Krapohl, S. (2015). Financial Crises as Catalysts for Regional Cooperation? Chances and Obstacles for Financial Integration in ASEAN+3, MERCOSUR and the Eurozone. Contemporary Politics, 21, 161–178.
Krapohl, S., & Fink, S. (2013). Different Paths of Regional Integration: Trade Networks and Regional Institution-Building in Europe, Southeast Asia and Southern Africa. Journal of Common Market Studies, 51, 472–488.
Krueger, A. O. (1997). Trade Policy and Economic Development: How We Learn. American Economic Review, 87, 1–22.
Leviter, L. (2010). The ASEAN Charter: ASEAN Failure or Member Failure? NYU Journal of International Law and Politics, 43, 159–210.
MacIntyre, A. (2001). Institutions and Investors: The Politics of the Economic Crisis in Southeast Asia. International Organization, 55, 81–122.
Mansfield, E. D., & Milner, H. V. (1999). The New Wave of Regionalism. International Organization, 53, 589–627.
Menon, J. (1998). The Expansion of AFTA: Widening and Deepening. Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, 12.
Nair, D. (2008). Regionalism in the Asia Pacific/East Asia: A Frustrated Regionalism? Contemporary Southeast Asia, 31, 110–142.
Narine, S. (2008). Forty Years of ASEAN: A Historical Review. The Pacific Review, 21, 411–429.
Nesadurai, H. E. S. (2001). Cooperation and Institutional Transformation in ASEAN: Insights from the AFTA Project. In A. T. H. Tan & J. D. K. Boutin (Eds.), Non-Traditional Security Issues in Southeast Asia (pp. 197–226). Singapore: Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies/Select Publishing.
Obermeier, A. (2013). Mechanismen institutioneller Dynamiken: Eine vergleichende Prozessanalyse der Entwicklung des ASEAN Handelsregimes. Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press.
Pangestu, M., Soesastro, H., & Ahmand, M. (1992). A New Look at Intra-ASEAN Economic Co-operation. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 8, 344–352.
Park, I. (2009). Regional Trade Agreements in East Asia: Will they be Sustainable? Asian Economic Journal, 23, 169–194.
Petri, P. A., Plummer, M. G., & Zhai, F. (2012). ASEAN Economic Community: A General Equilibrium Analysis. Asian Economic Journal, 26, 93–118.
Radelet, S., & Sachs, J. D. (1998). The East Asian Financial Crisis: Diagnosis, Remedies, Prospects (Brooking Papers on Economic Activity 1:1998).
Ravenhill, J. (1995). Economic Cooperation in Southeast Asia: Changing Incentives. Asian Survey, 35, 850–866.
Ravenhill, J. (2008). Fighting Irrelevance: An Economic Community “with ASEAN Characteristics”. The Pacific Review, 21, 469–488.
Rüland, J. (2000). ASEAN and the Asian Crisis: Theoretical Implications and Practical Consequences for Southeast Asian Regionalism. The Pacific Review, 13, 421–451.
Simon, S. (2008). ASEAN and Multilateralism: The Long, Bumpy Road to Community. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 30, 264–292.
Stiglitz, J. (2003). What I Learned at the World Economic Crisis. In W. Driscoll & J. Lark (Eds.), Globalization and the Poor: Exploitation or Equalizer? (pp. 195–206). New York: The International Debate Education Association.
Stubbs, R. (2000). Signing on to Liberalization: AFTA and the Politics of Regional Economic Cooperation. The Pacific Review, 13, 297–318.
Stubbs, R. (2002). ASEAN Plus Three: Emerging East Asian Regionalism? Asian Survey, 42, 440–455.
Stubbs, R. (2014). ASEAN’s Leadership in East Asian Region-Building: Strength in Weakness. The Pacific Review, 27, 523–541.
Tay, S. (2010). The ASEAN Charter: Between National Sovereignty and the Region’s Constitutional Moment. Singapore Yearbook of International Law, 12, 151–170.
Terada, T. (2010). The Origins of ASEAN+6 and Japan’s Initiatives: China’s Rise and the Agent-Structure Analysis. The Pacific Review, 23, 71–92.
Thompson, E. C. (2006). Singaporean Exceptionalism and Its Implications for ASEAN Regionalism. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 28, 183–206.
Webber, D. (2001). Two Funerals and a Wedding? The Ups and Downs of Regionalism in East Asia and Asia-Pacific after the Asian Crisis. The Pacific Review, 14, 339–372.
Webber, D. (2010). The Regional Integration that Didn’t Happen: Cooperation without Integration in Early Twenty-First Century East Asia. The Pacific Review, 23, 313–333.
Wesley, M. (1999). The Asian Crisis and the Adequacy of Regional Institutions. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 21, 54–73.
Williamson, J. (1993). Democracy and the “Washington Consensus”. World Development, 21, 1329–1336.
Wong, J. (1989). The ASEAN Model of Regional Cooperation. In S. Naya, M. Urrutia, S. Mark, & A. Fuentes (Eds.), Lessons in Development: A Comparative Study of Asia and Latin America (pp. 121–141). San Francisco, CA: International Center for Economic Growth.
Woon, W. (2009). The ASEAN Charter Dispute Settlement Mechanisms. In T. Koh, R. G. Manalo, & W. Woon (Eds.), The Making of the ASEAN Charter (pp. 69–77). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
Yoshimatsu, H. (2006). Collective Action Problems and Regional Integration in ASEAN. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 28, 115–140.
Yuan, L. T. (1994). The ASEAN Free Trade Area: The Search for a Common Prosperity. Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, 8, 1–7.
Yue, C. S. (1999). Trade, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Development of Southeast Asia. The Pacific Review, 12, 249–270.
Yuen, N. C., & Wagner, N. (1989). Privatization and Deregulation in ASEAN: An Overview. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 5, 209–223.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Krapohl, S. (2017). ASEAN. In: Krapohl, S. (eds) Regional Integration in the Global South. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38895-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38895-3_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-38894-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-38895-3
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)