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Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

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Pathology and Epidemiology of Cancer

Abstract

Bladder cancer is the ninth commonest cancer in the world with over 400,000 cases diagnosed each year of which 90 % are Transitional Cell Carcinomas (TCC). Bladder cancer incidence varies globally, with the highest rates seen in Europe, North America, North Africa, and the Middle East. It has a higher incidence in males than females and its incidence rises steeply after the age of 50. Smoking is the most important risk factor for development of bladder cancer, with smokers having up to four times higher risk than non-smokers. Many occupational exposures have also been associated with higher risk of bladder cancer. Clinically bladder cancer is divided into non-muscle-invasive, muscle-invasive, and metastatic disease. Patients most commonly present with painless haematuria and the gold standard diagnostic test is a cystoscopy followed by a ‘transurethral resection of bladder tumor’ to obtain a histological diagnosis. Treatment depends upon the stage of the disease. The primary treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) followed by adjuvant treatment with either chemotherapy or Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy. For muscle-invasive disease the gold standard treatment is a radical cystectomy with lymph node dissection, with 5-year survival around 50 %. Some patients may also receive neoadjuvant cisplatin based chemotherapy. The primary treatment for advanced or metastatic disease is chemotherapy doublet combinations including cisplatin. There are limited second or third line treatments for these patients though recent results using immunotherapy have proved promising.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Bermondsey Wing Guy’s Hospital, 3rd Floor, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK

    Sarah M. Rudman

  2. Cancer Epidemiology Group, Research Oncology, Bermondsey Wing Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, 3rd Floor, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK

    Danielle Crawley

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Correspondence to Sarah M. Rudman .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Massimo Loda

  2. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Lorelei A. Mucci

  3. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Megan L. Mittelstadt

  4. King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom

    Mieke Van Hemelrijck

  5. Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Maura Bríd Cotter

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Rudman, S.M., Crawley, D. (2017). Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer. In: Loda, M., Mucci, L., Mittelstadt, M., Van Hemelrijck, M., Cotter, M. (eds) Pathology and Epidemiology of Cancer. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-35153-7_27

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