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Distribution of PACAP in the Mammalian Nervous System

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Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide — PACAP

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Neurotoxicity ((Current Topics Neurotoxicity,volume 11))

Abstract

PACAP is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems of various mammalian species. To demonstrate PACAP or its mRNA several methods were used: immunohistochemistry, radioimmunoassay, sandwich-enzyme immunoassay, in situ hybridization, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. High levels of PACAP measured by radioimmunoassay are due to the great number of PACAP containing cell bodies or dense fiber network. PACAP immunoreactive cell bodies were observed in several hypothalamic nuclei and in various extrahypothalamic structures, mainly in the limbic system. PACAP is also present in the retinohypothalamic tract and in the centrifugal visual system. In the periphery, PACAP was demonstrated in the sensory, motor, and autonomic nervous systems. Autonomic PACAP immunoreactive fibers innervate glands and smooth muscle layers of viscera and vessels. This chapter summarizes the most important data available in the literature up to now.

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Abbreviations

ARC:

Arcuate nucleus

BBB:

Blood–brain barrier

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor/nerve growth factor

BNST:

Bed nucleus of stria terminalis

CGRP:

Calcitonin gene-related peptide

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

FG:

Fluoro-Gold

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

icv:

Intracerebroventricular

IHC:

Immunohistochemistry

IML:

Intermediolateral cell column

ip:

Intraperitoneal

ISH:

In situ hybridization

LC:

Locus ceruleus

ME:

Median eminence

OVLT:

Organon vasculosum laminae terminalis

PACAP21-38:

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypepide with 18 amino acid residues

PACAP27:

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypepide with 27 amino acid residues

PACAP38:

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypepide with 38 amino acid residues

PACAP6-16:

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypepide with 11 amino acid residues

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

Pe:

Hypothalamic periventricular nucleus

Pf:

Hypothalamic perifornical region

PVN:

Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus

RHT:

Retinohypothalamic tract

RIA:

Radioimmunoassay

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

SCN:

Hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus

S-EIA:

Sandwich enzyme immunoassay

SON:

Hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus

SP:

Substance P

VIP:

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

WGA:

Wheat germ agglutinin

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 58, Budapest, 1094, Hungary

    Katalin Koves

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  1. Katalin Koves
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Correspondence to Katalin Koves .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy MTA-PTE “Lendulet” PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary

    Dora Reglodi

  2. Department of Anatomy MTA-PTE “Lendulet” PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary

    Andrea Tamas

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Koves, K. (2016). Distribution of PACAP in the Mammalian Nervous System. In: Reglodi, D., Tamas, A. (eds) Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide — PACAP. Current Topics in Neurotoxicity, vol 11. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-35135-3_12

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