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Role of the Intestinal Immune System in Health

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Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis

Abstract

Maintenance of the intestinal barrier and mucosal homeostasis depends on two layers of anti-inflammatory defense: (1) immune exclusion performed by secretory IgA (and secretory IgM) antibodies to modulate or inhibit surface colonization of microorganisms and dampen penetration of potentially harmful antigens; and (2) suppressive mechanisms to avoid local and peripheral hypersensitivity to innocuous antigens, particularly food proteins and components of the commensal microbiota. When induced via the gut, the latter phenomenon is called “oral tolerance,” which largely depends on the development of regulatory T (Treg) cells in mucosa-draining lymph nodes to which dendritic cells (DCs) carry exogenous antigens and become conditioned for induction of Treg cells. Mucosally induced tolerance appears to be a rather robust adaptive immune function in view of the fact that large amounts of food proteins pass through the gut, while overt and persistent food allergy is not so common. Moreover, most individuals live in harmony with an intestinal population of commensal bacteria which is some ten times the number of cells of the body. This homeostatic mutualism is regulated by specialized DCs that are “decision makers” of the immune system when they perform their antigen-presenting function, thus linking innate and adaptive immunity by sensing the exogenous impact.

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Acknowledgments

Hege Eliassen is thanked for excellent secretarial assistance. The author is supported by the Research Council of Norway through its Centers of Excellence funding scheme (Project No. 179573/V40), and by the Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Per Brandtzaeg M.D., Ph.D.

  2. Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital—Rikshospitalet, Nydalen, 4950, 0424, Oslo, Norway

    Per Brandtzaeg M.D., Ph.D.

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  1. Per Brandtzaeg M.D., Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Per Brandtzaeg M.D., Ph.D. .

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  1. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité Medical School—Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Daniel C. Baumgart

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Brandtzaeg, P. (2017). Role of the Intestinal Immune System in Health. In: Baumgart, D. (eds) Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33703-6_2

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