Skip to main content

Malala Yousafzai as an Empowered Victim: Media Narratives of Girls’ Education, Islam, and Modernity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Education and Youth Agency

Part of the book series: Advancing Responsible Adolescent Development ((ARAD))

Abstract

Malala Yousafzai is a Pakistani youth activist who has become a global icon for her advocacy of girls’ education, youth agency, and gender empowerment. Yousafzai started The Malala Fund, and her activism has become an inspiration for local and global organizations working on youth related issues. Through conducting a discourse analysis of newspapers published in the USA, we argue that this media discourse presents her not only as an agent but also as a victim. Our analysis reveals how this media discourse modifies Malala Yousafzai’s own narrative. It constructs her as a symbol of the oppression of the Muslim girls as well as the empowerment of youth to be acquired through Western education and modernity. This chapter highlights the need to critically engage with the global discourses of girls’ education, youth, agency, and gender empowerment that may be embedded in the problematic dichotomies of modern West versus unmodern Islam.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Malala Yousafzai is a girls’ education activist and the youngest-ever Nobel Prize laureate. Her work has inspired a large number of global and local policy initiatives and projects all over the world to support education for girls.

References

  • Abu-Lughod, L. (1998). Introduction. In L. Abu-Lughod (Ed.), Remaking women: Feminism and modernity in the Middle East (pp. 3–32). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Abu-Lughod, L. (2002). Do Muslim women really need saving? Anthropological reflections on cultural relativism and its others. American Anthropologist, 104(3), 783–790.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abu-Lughod, L. (2009). Dialectics of women’s empowerment: The International Circuitry of the Arab Human Development Report. International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 41, 83–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adely, F. (2009). Educating women for development: The Arab Human Development Report 2005 and the problem with women’s choices. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 41(1), 105–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adely, F. (2014). Gendered paradoxes: Educating Jordanian women in nation, faith, and progress. JMEWS: Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies, 10(3), 125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, L. (1992). Women and gender in Islam. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali, A. H. (2008). Infidel. New York City, NY: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alliance for Audited Media. (2013). Top 25 U.S. newspapers for March 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2014, from http://auditedmedia.com/news/research-and-data/top-25-us-newspapers-for-march-2013.aspx.

  • Asad, T. (2003). Formations of the secular: Christianity, Islam, modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Awan, K., Sheikh, M., Mithoowani, N., Ahmed, A., & Simard, D. (2010). Maclean’s magazine: A case study of Media-propagated Islamophobia. Retrieved May 18, 2014, from http://www.safs.ca/issuescases/Report_on_Macleans_Journalism.pdf.

  • Bartkowski, J. P., & Read, J. G. (2003). Veiled submission: Gender, power, and identity among evangelical and Muslim women in the United States. Qualitative Sociology, 26(1), 71–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berends, L., & Johnston, J. (2005). Using multiple coders to enhance qualitative analysis: The case of interviews with consumers of drug treatment. Addiction Research & Theory, 13(4), 373–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan-Low, C. (2012, October 19). Pakistani schoolgirl shows signs of recovery. The Wall Street Journal (Online).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chismaya, G., DeJaeghere, J., Kendall, N., & Khan, M. (2012). Gender and ‘Education for All’: Progress and problems in achieving gender equity. International Journal of Educational Development, 32, 743–755.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhume, S. (2012, October 12). A child soldier in the war for Pakistan: Fourteen-year-old Malala Yousafzai stood up for modernity. Few others do. The Wall Street Journal (Online).

    Google Scholar 

  • Falah, G. (2005). The visual representation of Muslim/Arab women in daily newspapers in the United States. In G. Falah & C. R. Nagel (Eds.), Geographies of Muslim women: Gender, religion, and space (pp. 300–320). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonick, M. (2006). Between “girl power" and “Reviving Ophelia”: Constituting the neoliberal girl subject. NWSA Journal, 18(2), 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guin’ee, N. (2014). Empowering women through education: Experiences from Dalit women in Nepal. International Journal of Educational Development, 39, 183–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herz, B. K., & Sperling, G. B. (2004). What works in girls’ education: Evidence and policies from the developing world. Council on Foreign Relations, Washington, DC. International Journal of Educational Development, 25(4), 395–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesford, W., & Kozol, W. (2005). Just advocacy?: Women’s human rights, transnational feminisms, and the politics of representation. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschkind, C., & Mahmood, S. (2002). Feminism, the Taliban, and politics of counter-insurgency. Anthropological Quarterly, 75(2), 339–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsie, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huisman, K., & Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. (2005). Dress matters: Change and continuity in the dress practices of Bosnian Muslim refugee women. Gender & Society, 19(1), 44–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutson, A. (2001). Women, men, and patriarchal bargaining in an Islamic Sufi order: The Tijaniyya in Kano, Nigeria, 1937 to the present. Gender & Society, 15(5), 734–753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jamal, A. (2009). Gendered Islam and modernity in the nation-space: Women’s modernism in the Jamaat-e-Islami of Pakistan. Feminist Review, 91(1), 9–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jhally, S., Earp, J., Shaheen, J. G., & Media Education Foundation. (2006). Reel bad Arabs: How Hollywood vilifies a people. Northampton, MA: Media Education Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiwani, Y. (2005). Orientalizing “war talk”: Representations of the gendered Muslim body post-9/11 in the Montreal Gazette. In J. Lee & J. Lutz (Eds.), Situating “race” and racism in the time, space, and theory: Critical essays for activists and scholars (pp. 178–204). Montreal, BC, Canada: McGill-Queen’s Press-MQUP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandiyoti, D. (2005). The politics of gender and reconstruction in Afghanistan: Occasional Paper 4. Geneva, Switzerland: UNRISD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandiyoti, D. (2007). Old dilemmas or new challenges? The politics of gender and reconstruction in Afghanistan. Development and Change, 38(2), 169–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kapur, R. (2002). The tragedy of victimization rhetoric: Resurrecting the “native” subject in International/Post-colonial feminist legal politics. The Harvard Human Rights Journal, 15, 1–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kassam, A. (2008). The weak, the powerless, the oppressed: Muslim women in Toronto media. Canadian Journal of Media Studies, 4(1), 71–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khoja-Moolji, S. (2015). Suturing together girls and education: An investigation into the social (re)production of girls’ education as a hegemonic ideology. Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 9(2), 87–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khurshid, A. (2012). A transnational community of Pakistani Muslim women: Narratives of rights, wisdom, and honor in a women’s education project. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 43(3), 235–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khurshid, A. (2015). Islamic traditions of modernity: Gender, class and Islam in a transnational women’s education project. Gender & Society, 29, 98–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Killian, C. (2003). The other side of the veil: North African women in France respond to the headscarf affair. Gender & Society, 17(4), 567–590.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kristof, N. D. (2012, October 11). Her ‘crime’ was loving schools. The New York Times, p. A.31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazreg, M. (1994). The eloquence of silence: Algerian women in question. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macedo, D. (2007). Introduction: Deconstructing the corporate media/government nexus. In D. Macedo & S. Steinberg (Eds.), Media literacy: A reader (pp. xxii–xxxii)., New York, NY: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahmood, S. (2005). Politics of piety: The Islamic revival and the feminist subject. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, G. A. (2005). Ideology, progress, and dialogue: A comparison of feminist and Islamist women’s approaches to the issues of head covering and work in Turkey. Gender & Society, 19(1), 104–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metcalf, B. (1994). Remaking ourselves. In M. E. Marty & S. Appleby (Eds.), Accounting for fundamentalisms. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minault, G. (1998). Secluded scholars: Girls’ education and Muslim social reform in colonial India. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moeller, K. (2014). Searching for adolescent girls in Brazil: The transnational politics of poverty in “The girl effect”. Feminist Studies, 40(3), 575–601.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohanty, C. T. (1988). Under western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses. Feminist Review, 30, 61–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Najmabadi, A. (1998). Crafting an educated housewife in Iran. In L. Abu-Lughod (Ed.), Remaking women: Feminism and modernity in the Middle East (pp. 91–125). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Predelli, L. N. (2004). Interpreting gender in Islam: A case study of immigrant Muslim women in Oslo, Norway. Gender & Society, 18(4), 473–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Read, J. G., & Bartkowski, J. P. (2000). To veil or not to veil? A case study of identity negotiation among Muslim women in Austin, Texas. Gender & Society, 14(3), 395–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rinaldo, R. (2013). Mobilizing piety: Islam and feminism in Indonesia. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, T. P. (2002). Why governments should invest more to educate girls. World Development, 30, 207–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J. W. (2007). The politics of the veil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sensoy, Ö., & Marshall, E. (2010). Missionary girl power: Saving the ‘third world’ one girl at a time. Gender & Education, 22(3), 295–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, S. (2013, July 18). World news: Pakistan teen is no longer hero at home. The Wall Street Journal, p. A.7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Share, J., & Kellner, D. (2005). Toward critical media literacy: Core concepts, debates, organizations, and policy. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 26(3), 369–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stambach, A. (2000). Lessons from Mount Kilimanjaro: Schooling, community, and gender in East Africa. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stromquist, N. (2006). Gender, education and the possibility of transformative knowledge. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 36(2), 145–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tembon, M., & Fort, L. (2008). Girls’ education in the 21st century: Gender equality, empowerment, and economic growth. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, D. (2012a, October 10). Taliban gun down a girl who spoke up for rights. The New York Times, p. A.1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, D. (2012b, October 11). Pakistanis unite in outrage over girl’s shooting by Taliban. The New York Times, p. A.6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, D. (2012c, October 20). ‘Malala moment’ may have passed in Pakistan, as rage over a shooting ebbs. The New York Times, p. A.9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watt, D. (2008). Silent meaning: A cover photo of Muslim women. J-Source: The Canadian Journalism Project. Retrieved May 20, 2014, from http://www.j-source.ca/.

  • Watt, D. (2011). Juxtaposing sonare and videre midst curricular spaces: Negotiating Muslim, female identities in the discursive spaces of schooling and visual media cultures. Doctoral thesis. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Retrieved May 21, 2014, from http://www.ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/19973.

  • Watt, D. (2012). The urgency of visual media literacy in our post-9/11 world: Reading images of Muslim women in the print news media. The Journal of Media Literacy Education, 4(1), 32–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yousafzai, M., & Lamb, C. (2013). I am Malala: The girl who stood up for education and was shot by the Taliban. Cambridge, England: Hachette.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yousafzai, M. (n.d.). BrainyQuote.com. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/m/malalayous569385.html.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ayesha Khurshid .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Khurshid, A., Guerrero, M. (2016). Malala Yousafzai as an Empowered Victim: Media Narratives of Girls’ Education, Islam, and Modernity. In: DeJaeghere, J., Josić, J., McCleary, K. (eds) Education and Youth Agency. Advancing Responsible Adolescent Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33344-1_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics