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Bone Development in Children and Adolescents

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Puberty

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Abstract

Bone is a living tissue. Childhood and puberty are characterized by rapid bone growth. The growth plate consists of spatially and temporarily distinct cell types and is the place of many biological processes. A variety of factors are modulating the events in the growth plate: some of them are local, such as bone morphogenetic proteins, transforming growth factor-beta, and others, while others are systemic and hormonal, e.g., growth hormones, estrogens, and androgens. The exact molecular mechanisms underlying the growth processes and the maturation of the growth plate are being debated. All three main bone cell types—osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes— are implicated in bone growth. They are all together the driving force for bone modeling. Bone mineral accrual during growth can be assessed by two- and three-dimensional measurement techniques. Many factors are entangled in the regulation of bone formation and apposition. Among them are lifestyle factors (nutrition, physical activity), biological factors (pubertal stage, heredity), as well as hormonal and paracrine factors (estrogens/androgens, RANK ligand/osteoprotegerin, osteosclerostin, vitamin D, and others). The contribution of individual factors cannot be easily discerned from the whole picture. The pubertal growth spurt is an event typical for humans, which cannot be fully reproduced in animal models. Bone age is a method for the assessment of bone development. It can be very useful in cases of delayed or precocious puberty, as well as in a number of bone diseases. In conclusion, bone development before and during puberty is a very complex process, which opens a wide field for future investigations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University Sofia, 1, Georgi Sofiyski Street, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria

    Mihail A. Boyanov

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  1. Mihail A. Boyanov
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  1. Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

    Philip Kumanov

  2. American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Ashok Agarwal

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Boyanov, M.A. (2016). Bone Development in Children and Adolescents. In: Kumanov, P., Agarwal, A. (eds) Puberty. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32122-6_6

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