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Biomaterials Obtained by Gelation

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Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology

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Abstract

Biomaterials play a crucial role to improve the quality of life of patients who need a medical implant. The present chapter is focused on those biomaterials which can be made by sol-gel processing and particularly on the developments achieved in the last decade. The chemistry involved in sol-gels permits to drastically improve the properties of biomaterials which are addressed here by order of increased sophistication. In a first section, traditional biomaterials and their synthesis by sol-gel are described. After a brief summary of the properties required for a biomaterial and of sol-gel processing, the materials addressed comprise the calcium phosphates, the so-called bioglasses based on sol-gel silica and their shaping as porous scaffolds, and the organic hydrogels. In a second section, the bioactivity tests applied to biomaterials, as well as the bioactivity mechanisms considered to operate in bioglasses, are summarized. A third section is focused on sol-gel TiO2 based biomaterials, while the next section is dedicated to sol-gel composites and hybrid organic–inorganic gels. The latter group includes a summary of the challenge to introduce calcium in hybrids. A last section concerns the highest present degree of sophistication aimed in biomaterials, which is the entrapment of bioactive molecules in the gels, such as growth factors. The aim is that such additives must be progressively delivered to the surrounding tissues during the lifetime of an implant, so as to improve its biocompatibility for a longer time span.

Alain C. Pierre has retired.

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Acknowledgments

The author is very grateful to previous researchers, and to the publisher, who published their article as OPEN ACCESS references. They made it possible to efficiently illustrate several points of the present article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut de recherches sur la Catalyse et l’Environnement de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5256, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France

    Alain C. Pierre

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  1. Alain C. Pierre
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Correspondence to Alain C. Pierre .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA

    Lisa Klein

  2. Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain

    Mario Aparicio

  3. Department of Chemistry, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USA

    Andrei Jitianu

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Pierre, A.C. (2018). Biomaterials Obtained by Gelation. In: Klein, L., Aparicio, M., Jitianu, A. (eds) Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32101-1_143

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