Skip to main content

Anthrax

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Deadly Dermatologic Diseases
  • 924 Accesses

Abstract

Anthrax is an infection caused by the spore-forming bacterium, Bacillus anthracis. Infection occurs in mammals, particularly herbivores that ingest bacterial spores from soil. Human infection occurs from inhalation of spores, ingestion of animal meat contaminated with spores, or percutaneous inoculation of spores from exposure to infected animals or contaminated animal products. Anthrax has been an occupational disease of textile workers, farmers, butchers, veterinarians, and shepherds.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Turnbull PCB. Introduction: anthrax history, disease and ecology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002;271:1–19.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Grabenstein JD. Anthrax vaccine: a review. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2003;23:713–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Irmak H, Buzgan T, Karahocagil MK, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of anthrax in Eastern Anatolia: a review of 39 cases. Acta Med Okayama. 2003;57:235–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Dixon TC, Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hanna PC. Anthrax. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:815–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Watson A, Keir D. Information on which to base assessments of risk from environments contaminated with anthrax spores. Epidemiol Infect. 1994;113:479–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Chensue SW. Exposing a killer: pathologists angle for anthrax. Am J Pathol. 2003;163:1699–702.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Moayeri M, Leppla SH. The roles of anthrax toxin in pathogenesis. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2004;7:19–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Brook I. The prophylaxis and treatment of anthrax. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2002;20:320–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M, et al. The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. Science. 1994;266:1202–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Inglesby TV, O’Toole T, Henderson DA, et al. Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management. JAMA. 2002;287:2236–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Cinti SK, Saravolatz L, Nafziger D, Sunstrum J, Blackburn G. Differentiating inhalational anthrax from other influenzalike illnesses in the setting of a national or regional anthrax outbreak. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:674–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Stephenson J. Rapid anthrax test approved. JAMA. 2004;292:30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. http://www.immunetics.com/anthrax.html. Accessed 5/28/15.

  14. Kim J, Gedi V, Cho JH, Moon JY, Yoon MY. Advances in anthrax detection: overview of bioprobes and biosensors. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2015;176:957–77. doi:10.1007/s12010-015-1625-z.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Lebowich RJ, McKillip BG, Conboy JR. Cutaneous anthrax: a pathologic study with clinical correlation. Am J Clin Pathol. 1943;13:505–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Mallon E, McKee PH. Extraordinary case report: cutaneous anthrax. Am J Dermatopathol. 1997;19:79–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. http://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/. Accessed 5/28/15.

  18. Kaya A, Tasyaran MA, Erol S, Ozkurt Z, Ozkan B. Anthrax in adults and children: a review of 132 cases in Turkey. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;21:258–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hendricks KA, Wright ME, Shadomy SV, et al. Center for Disease Control and Prevention expert panel meetings on prevention and treatment of anthrax in adults. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(2):e130687. doi:10.3201/eid2002.130687.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Bast DJ, Athamna A, Duncan CL, et al. Type II topoisomerase mutations in Bacillus anthracis associated with high-level fluoroquinolone resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;54:90–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Krishnan V, Anderson BH, Shoemaker C, et al. Efficacy and immunogenicity of a single-dose AdVAV intranasal anthrax vaccine compared to anthrax vaccine Absorbed in an aerosolized spore rabbit challenge model. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2015;22(4):430–9. doi:10.1128/CVI.00690-14. Epub 2015 Feb 11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stephen C. Somach .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Somach, S.C. (2016). Anthrax. In: Crowe, D., Morgan, M., Somach, S., Trapp, K. (eds) Deadly Dermatologic Diseases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31566-9_29

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31566-9_29

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31564-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31566-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics