Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Iron Homeostasis and the Pathophysiology and Management of Iron Deficiency

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Nonmalignant Hematology

  • 1714 Accesses

Abstract

Iron is an essential element and is required for the synthesis of hemoglobin as well as multiple other proteins in all body cells. In developing countries, iron deficiency is most often the result of blood loss, although some cases result from iron malabsorption.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • An P, Wu Q, et al. TMPRSS6, but not TF, TFR2 or BMP2 variants are associated with increased risk of iron-deficiency anemia. Hum Mol Genet. 2012;21(9):2124–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Annibale B, Di Giulio E, et al. The long-term effects of cure of Helicobacter pylori infection on patients with atrophic body gastritis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16(10):1723–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Auerbach M, Goodnough LT, et al. Iron: the new advances in therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2013;27(1):131–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertoncini S, Blanco-Rojo R, et al. A novel SNaPshot assay to detect genetic mutations related to iron metabolism. Genet Test Mol Biomark. 2011;15(3):173–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caselli M, Zullo A, et al. “Cervia II Working Group Report 2006”: guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in Italy. Dig Liver Dis. 2007;39(8):782–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cau M, Galanello R, et al. Responsiveness to oral iron and ascorbic acid in a patient with IRIDA. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2012;48(2):121–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers JC, Zhang W, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies variants in TMPRSS6 associated with hemoglobin levels. Nat Genet. 2009;41(11):1170–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen WC, Chen YH, et al. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage in warfarin anticoagulated patients: incidence, risk factor, management, and outcome. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:463767.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Collins JF, Anderson GJ. Chapter 71: Molecular mechanisms of intestinal iron transport. In: Johnson LR et al., editors. Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Oxford: Academic; 2012. p. 1921–48.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cook JD. Clinical evaluation of iron deficiency. Semin Hematol. 1982;19(1):6–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook JD, Dassenko S, et al. Serum transferrin receptor as an index of iron absorption. Br J Haematol. 1990;75(4):603–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fock KM, Katelaris P, et al. Second Asia-Pacific consensus guidelines for Helicobacter pylori infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24(10):1587–600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gangat N, Wolanskyj AP. Anemia of chronic disease. Semin Hematol. 2013;50(3):232–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ganz T. Systemic iron homeostasis. Physiol Rev. 2013;93(4):1721–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garrick MD, Garrick LM. Cellular iron transport. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1790(5):309–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulec S, Anderson GJ, et al. Mechanistic and regulatory aspects of intestinal iron absorption. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2014;307(4):G397–409.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hershko C, Camaschella C. How I treat unexplained refractory iron deficiency anemia. Blood. 2014;123(3):326–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hershko C, Hoffbrand AV, et al. Role of autoimmune gastritis, Helicobacter pylori and celiac disease in refractory or unexplained iron deficiency anemia. Haematologica. 2005;90(5):585–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hershko C, Ianculovich M, et al. A hematologist’s view of unexplained iron deficiency anemia in males: impact of Helicobacter pylori eradication. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2007;38(1):45–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ito M, Haruma K, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy improves atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia: a 5-year prospective study of patients with atrophic gastritis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16(8):1449–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khuong-Quang DA, Schwartzentruber J, et al. Iron refractory iron deficiency anemia: presentation with hyperferritinemia and response to oral iron therapy. Pediatrics. 2013;131(2):e620–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kodama M, Murakami K, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication improves gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in long-term observation. Digestion. 2012;85(2):126–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kroot JJ, Kemna EH, et al. Results of the first international round robin for the quantification of urinary and plasma hepcidin assays: need for standardization. Haematologica. 2009;94(12):1748–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lok CN, Loh TT. Regulation of transferrin function and expression: review and update. Biol Signals Recept. 1998;7(3):157–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, et al. Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht III consensus report. Gut. 2007;56(6):772–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markovic M, Majkic-Singh N, et al. Reticulocyte haemoglobin content vs. soluble transferrin receptor and ferritin index in iron deficiency anaemia accompanied with inflammation. Int J Lab Hematol. 2007;29(5):341–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLaren CE, McLachlan S, et al. Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in iron-related genes and iron status in multiethnic populations. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(6):e38339.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mearin F, Balboa A, et al. Iron deficiency anemia and use of intravenous iron in digestive disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;33(8):605–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melis MA, Cau M, et al. A mutation in the TMPRSS6 gene, encoding a transmembrane serine protease that suppresses hepcidin production, in familial iron deficiency anemia refractory to oral iron. Haematologica. 2008;93(10):1473–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mera R, Fontham ET, et al. Long term follow up of patients treated for Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut. 2005;54(11):1536–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Monzon H, Forne M, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection as a cause of iron deficiency anaemia of unknown origin. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(26):4166–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Murray JA, McLachlan S, et al. Association between celiac disease and iron deficiency in Caucasians, but not non-Caucasians. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(7):808–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Punnonen K, Irjala K, et al. Serum transferrin receptor and its ratio to serum ferritin in the diagnosis of iron deficiency. Blood. 1997;89(3):1052–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rakel RE, Bope ET, editors. Conn’s current therapy 2002. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2002. p. 357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubio-Tapia A, Hill ID, et al. ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(5):656–76; quiz 677.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Skikne B, Hershko C. Iron deficiency. In: Anderson GJ, McLaren GD, editors. Iron physiology and pathophysiology in humans. New York: Humana Press; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skikne BS, Punnonen K, et al. Improved differential diagnosis of anemia of chronic disease and iron deficiency anemia: a prospective multicenter evaluation of soluble transferrin receptor and the sTfR/log ferritin index. Am J Hematol. 2011;86(11):923–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Theil EC. Iron homeostasis and nutritional iron deficiency. J Nutr. 2011;141(4):724S–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas C, Kobold U, et al. Serum hepcidin-25 in comparison to biochemical markers and hematological indices for the differentiation of iron-restricted erythropoiesis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2011;49(2):207–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai AG, Hofmann A, et al. Perfusion vs. oxygen delivery in transfusion with “fresh” and “old” red blood cells: the experimental evidence. Transfus Apher Sci. 2010;43(1):69–78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ullrich C, Wu A, et al. Screening healthy infants for iron deficiency using reticulocyte hemoglobin content. JAMA. 2005;294(8):924–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins SJ, Frazer DM, et al. Iron metabolism in the hemoglobin-deficit mouse: correlation of diferric transferrin with hepcidin expression. Blood. 2006;107(4):1659–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • WHO. Turning the tide of malnutrition: responding to the challenge of the 21st century. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2000;(WHO/NHD/00.7).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu A, Kaneshiro M, et al. Evaluation and treatment of iron deficiency anemia: a gastroenterological perspective. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(3):548–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hematology/Oncology Section (11/111-H), Department of Veterans Affairs, Long Beach Healthcare System, 5901 East Seventh Street, Long Beach, CA, 90822, USA

    Gordon D. McLaren MD

  2. Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA

    Gordon D. McLaren MD & Roman L. Kleynberg MD

  3. Department of Veterans Affairs, Long Beach Healthcare System, 5901 East Seventh Street, Long Beach, CA, 90822, USA

    Roman L. Kleynberg MD

  4. Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia

    Gregory J. Anderson PhD

  5. School of Medicine and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

    Gregory J. Anderson PhD

Authors
  1. Gordon D. McLaren MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Roman L. Kleynberg MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gregory J. Anderson PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gordon D. McLaren MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantion, Zion, Illinois, USA

    Syed A. Abutalib

  2. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Jean M. Connors

  3. Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Margaret V. Ragni

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

McLaren, G.D., Kleynberg, R.L., Anderson, G.J. (2016). Iron Homeostasis and the Pathophysiology and Management of Iron Deficiency. In: Abutalib, S., Connors, J., Ragni, M. (eds) Nonmalignant Hematology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30352-9_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30352-9_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-30350-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-30352-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation