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Endocrine Diseases and Disorders of Thyroid Function in Newborns

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Neonatology

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Abstract

Congenital hypopituitarism results from a deficiency of any or all hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland or by the posterior pituitary gland. Reduced cortisol and/or aldosterone production may be the consequence of primary cortical adrenal insufficiency or damage; isolated cortisol insufficiency may be caused by pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction (ACTH or CRF deficiency). Neonatal hypoglycemia is frequent in neonates, especially in those of low birth weights. Hypoglycemia is usually transient and resolves in the first 72 h of life; symptoms are absent or nonspecific. Hyperglycemia may be due to impaired glucose homeostasis, iatrogenic causes, stress, and neonatal diabetes mellitus; it is often asymptomatic and secondary to other severe diseases.

Neonatal hypocalcemia affects 30% of very low birth weight infants. Clinical presentation is nonspecific and therapy may be by oral or intravenous supplementation. Hypercalcemia is defined as an ionized calcium concentration >1.36 mmol/L or total calcium concentration >2.75 mmol/L. Moderate to severe hypercalcemia requires prompt intervention.

Congenital hypothyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder in the neonatal age range, causing significant neurointellectual impairment. Plasma thyroid hormone levels are correlated to gestational age, and preterm infants have lower T3, T4, and FT4 values than term infants.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, S. Chiara University Hospital, Pisa, Italy

    Massimiliano Ciantelli

  2. Pediatric Unit, Department of Mother and Child, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy

    Paolo Cavarzere

  3. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy

    Alessandra Cassio

  4. Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy

    Massimiliano Ciantelli

  5. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Santa Chiara University Hospital, Pisa, Italy

    Paolo Ghirri & Antonio Boldrini

  6. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pediatric Unit, Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases (CARENDO BO), S.Orsola Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy

    Antonio Balsamo & Alessandro Cicognani

Authors
  1. Paolo Ghirri
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  2. Antonio Balsamo
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  3. Massimiliano Ciantelli
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  4. Paolo Cavarzere
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  5. Alessandro Cicognani
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  6. Antonio Boldrini
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  7. Alessandra Cassio
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Paolo Ghirri , Antonio Balsamo , Massimiliano Ciantelli , Alessandro Cicognani , Antonio Boldrini or Alessandra Cassio .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

    Giuseppe Buonocore

  2. Department of Pediatrics Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

    Rodolfo Bracci

  3. Liverpool Women’s Hospital Neonatal Unit, Liverpool, UK

    Michael Weindling

Appendix

Appendix

See Table Appendix A1.

Appendix A1 “Rare diseases” with associated hormone abnormalities (On behalf of A. Balsamo, P. Ghirri, A. Cicognani and A. Boldrini)
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Ghirri, P. et al. (2018). Endocrine Diseases and Disorders of Thyroid Function in Newborns. In: Buonocore, G., Bracci, R., Weindling, M. (eds) Neonatology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29489-6_259

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