Abstract
Self-regulated learning is an important feature of child development and socialization processes that has been found to be positively associated with self-appraisal skills, growth of self-efficacy beliefs, and proactive behavioral and environmental control. Despite strong theoretical and empirical evidence linking self-regulatory competencies to learning experiences and self-efficacy beliefs, there is a need for the application of self-regulated learning to students’ psychosocial development in grades K-12. To address the gap in the literature, this chapter reviews research on Bandura’s social cognitive theory with particular emphasis on the role of social modeling and self-efficacy, where human agency is a function of a triadic reciprocal model. We also discuss four widely established models of self-regulated learning and in particular, the applications of Zimmerman’s three phases of self-regulated learning and Zimmerman’s four levels of development of self-regulatory competency to students in grades K-12. We conclude the chapter by highlighting educational implications and by making recommendations for future research.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NY: Prentice Hall.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Bandura, A. (2007). Reflections on an agentic theory of human agency. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 10, 995–1004.
Bandura, A. (2012). Social cognitive theory. In P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 349–373). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Bandura, A., & Mischel, W. (1965). Modifications of self-imposed delay of reward through exposure to live and symbolic models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 698–705.
Bembenutty, H. (2006, April). Preservice teachers’ help-seeking tendencies and self-regulation of learning. A paper presented during the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA
Bembenutty, H. (Ed.). (2008). Self-regulated learning [Special issue]. Journal of Advanced Academics, 20(1)
Bembenutty, H. (Ed.). (2011). Self-regulated learning [Special issue]. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, (126)
Bembenutty, H. (2013). The triumph of homework completion through a learning academy of self-regulation. In H. Bembenutty, T. J. Cleary, & A. Kitsantas (Eds.), Applications of self-regulated learning across diverse disciplines: A tribute to Barry J. Zimmerman. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Bembenutty, H., Cleary, T. J., & Kitsantas, A. (2013). Applications of self-regulated learning across diverse disciplines: A tribute to Barry J. Zimmerman. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Bembenutty, H., & Karabenick, S. A. (2004). Inherent association between academic delay of gratification, future time perspective, and self-regulated learning. Educational Psychology Review, 16(1), 35–57.
Bembenutty, H., & White, M. C. (2013). Academic performance and satisfaction with homework completion among college students. Learning and Individual Differences, 24, 83–88.
Boekaerts, M., & Corno, L. (2005). Self-regulation in the classroom: A perspective on assessment and intervention. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54(2), 199–231.
Boekaerts, M., & Niemivirta, M. (2000). Self-regulated learning: Finding a balance between learning goals and ego-protective goals. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 417–451). San Diego, CA: Academic.
Boekaerts, M., Pintrich, P. R., & Zeidner, M. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of self-regulation. San Diego, CA: Academic.
Cleary, T. J. (2011a). Professional development needs and practices among educators and school psychologists. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 126, 77–87.
Cleary, T. J. (2011b). Emergence of self-regulated learning microanalysis: Historical overview, essential features, and implications for research and practice. In B. J. Zimmerman & D. H. Schunk (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation of learning and performance (pp. 329–345). New York: Routledge.
Cleary, T. J., Callan, G., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2012). Assessing self-regulation as a cyclical, context-specific phenomenon: Overview and analysis of SRL microanalytic protocols. Education Research International, 2012(4), 1–19.
Cleary, T. J., & Platten, P. (2013). Examining the correspondence between self-regulated learning and academic achievement: A case study analysis. Educational Research International, 2013(1), 1–18.
Cooper, J. E., Horn, S., & Strahan, D. B. (2005). If only they would do their homework: Promoting self-regulation in high school English classes. High School Journal, 88(30), 10–25.
Dembo, M. H. (2001). Learning to teach is not enough: Future teachers also need to learn how to learn. Teacher Education Quarterly, 28(4), 23–35.
DiBenedetto, M. K., & Bembenutty, H. (2011). Differences between full-time and part-time MBA students’ self-efficacy for learning and employment: A self-regulatory perspective. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 7(1), 81–110.
DiBenedetto, M. K., & White, M. C. (2013). Applying the model of development of self-regulatory competence to mentoring. In H. Bembenutty, T. J. Cleary, & A. Kitsantas (Eds.), Applications of self-regulated learning across diverse disciplines: A tribute to Barry J. Zimmerman (pp. 445–472). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
DiBenedetto, M. K., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2010). Differences in self-regulatory processes among students studying science: A microanalytic investigation. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 5(1), 2–24.
DiBenedetto, M. K., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2013). Construct and predictive validity of microanalytic measures of students’ self-regulation of science learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 26, 30–41.
Dignath, C., Buettner, G., & Langfeldt, H. (2008). How can primary school students learn self-regulated learning strategies most effectively? A meta-analysis on self-regulation training programmes. Educational Research Review, 3(2), 101–129.
Dorn, L. J. & Soffos, C. (2001). Shaping literate minds: Developing self-regulated learners. Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers.
Eccles, J. S., Midgley, C., & Adler, T. F. (1984). Grade-related changes in the school environment: Effects on achievement motivation. In J. Nicholls (Ed.), Advances in motivation and achievement (Vol. 3, pp. 283–331). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Garcia, T., & Pintrich, P. R. (1996). The effects of autonomy on motivation and performance in the college classroom. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 21(4), 477–486.
Graham, S., & Harris, K. R. (1989). Improving learning disabled students’ skills at composing essays: Self-instructional strategy training. Exceptional Children, 56, 201–216.
Greene, J. A., Moos, D. C., & Azevedo, R. (2011). Self-regulation of learning with computer-based learning environments. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 126, 107–115. doi:10.1002/tl.449.
Horner, S. L., & Shwery, C. S. (2002). Becoming an engaged, self-regulated reader. Theory Into Practice, 41(2), 102–109.
Karabenick, S. A., & Berger, J. (2013). Help seeking as a self-regulated learning strategy. In H. Bembenutty, T. J. Cleary, & A. Kitsantas (Eds.), Applications of self-regulated learning across diverse disciplines: A tribute to Barry J. Zimmerman (pp. 237–261). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Karabenick, S. A., & Dembo, M. H. (2011). Understanding and facilitating self-regulated help seeking. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 126, 33–44.
Kitsantas, A., & Dabbagh, N. (2010). Learning to learn with integrative learning technologies (ILT): A practical guide for academic success. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
Kitsantas, A., & Dabbagh, N. (2011). The role of Web 2.0 technologies in self-regulated learning. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 126, 99–106.
Kitsantas, A., Dabbagh, N., Huie, F., & Dass, S. (2013). Learning technologies and self-regulated learning: Implications for practice. In H. Bembenutty, T. J. Cleary, & A. Kitsantas (Eds.), Applications of self-regulated learning across diverse disciplines: A tribute to Barry J. Zimmerman (pp. 325–354). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Kitsantas, A., Zimmerman, B. J., & Cleary, T. J. (2000). Acquiring writing revision and self-regulatory skill through observation and emulation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 660–668.
Lipnevich, A. A., MacCann, C., Krumm, S., Burrus, J., & Roberts, R. D. (2011). Mathematics attitudes and mathematics outcomes of U.S. and Belarusian middle school students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(1), 105–118.
Lipnevich, A. A., & Smith, J. K. (2009). Effects of differential feedback on students’ examination performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 15(4), 319–333.
Lombaerts, K., Engels, N., & van Braak, J. (2008). Determinants of teachers’ recognitions of self-regulated learning practices in elementary education. Journal of Educational Research, 103(3), 163–173.
McPherson, G. E., & Davidson, J. W. (2002). Musical practice: Mother and child interactions during the first year of learning an instrument. Music Education Research, 4(1), 141–156.
Nedwman, R. S. (2000). Social Influences on the Development of Children’s Adaptive Help Seeking: The Role of Parents, Teachers, and Peers. Developmental Review, 20(3), 350–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/drev.1999.0502
Ormrod, J. E. (2011). Essentials of Educational Psychology: Big Ideas to Guide Effective Teaching (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
Ormrod, J. E. (2013). Essentials of Educational Psychology: Big Ideas to Guide Effective Teaching (8th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in achievement settings. Review of Educational Research, 66, 543–578.
Pape, S. J., Bell, C. V., & Yetkin-Ozdemir, I. E. (2013). Sequencing components of mathematics lessons to maximize development of self-regulation: Theory, practice, and intervention. In H. Bembenutty, T. J. Cleary, & A. Kitsantas (Eds.), Applications of self-regulated learning across diverse disciplines: A tribute to Barry J. Zimmerman (pp. 29–58). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Paris, S. G., & Paris, A. H. (2001). Classroom applications of research on self-regulated learning. Educational Psychologist, 36, 89–101.
Perry, N., & VandeKamp, K. (2000). Creating classroom contexts that support young children’s development of self-regulated learning. International Journal of Educational Research, 33, 821–843.
Perry, N. E., VandeKamp, K. O., Mercer, L. K., & Nordby, C. J. (2002). Investigating Teacher-Student Interactions That Foster Self-Regulated Learning. Educational Psychologist, 37(1), 5-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3701_2
Pintrich, P. R. (2000). The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning. In M., Boekaerts, & P. R., Pintrich. (Eds.) Handbook of Self-regulation (pp.451–502). San Diego: Academic Press.
Puustinen, M., & Pulkkinen, L. (2001). Models of self-regulated learning: A review. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 45(3), 269–286.
Ramdass, D. (2011). Enhancing mathematics skill and self-regulatory competency through observation and emulation. The International Journal of Research and Review, 7(1), 24–44.
Schunk, D. H. (1987). Peer models and children’s behavioral change. Review of Educational Research, 57, 149–174.
Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2014). Academic self-efficacy. In M. J. Furlong, R. Gillman, & E. S. Huebner (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology in the schools (2nd ed., pp. 115–130). New York: Routledge.
Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2015). Self-efficacy: Educational aspects. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of social and behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
Schunk, D. H., & Ertmer, P. A. (2000). Self-regulation and academic learning: Self-efficacy enhancing interventions. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 631–649). San Diego, CA: Academic.
Schunk, D. H., & Mullen, C. A. (2013). Self-efficacy as an engaged learner. In S. L. Christenson, A. L. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 219–235). New York: Springer.
Schunk, D. H., & Pajares, F. (2009). Self-efficacy theory. In K. R. Wentzel & A. Wigfield (Eds.), Handbook of motivation in schools (pp. 35–53). New York: Routledge.
Schunk, D. H., & Rice, J. M. (1993). Strategy fading and progress feedback: Effects on self-efficacy and comprehension among students receiving remedial reading services. Journal of Special Education, 27, 257–276.
Schunk, D. H., & Usher, E. L. (2012). Social cognitive theory and motivation. In R. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of human motivation (pp. 13–27). New York: Oxford University Press.
Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (1997). Social origins of self-regulatory competence. Educational Psychologist, 3(4), 195–208.
Troia, G. A., & Graham, S. (2002). The effectiveness of a highly explicit, teacher-directed strategy instruction routine. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 35(4), 290–306.
Usher, E. L., & Pajares, F. (2006). Sources of academic and self-regulatory efficacy beliefs of entering middle school students. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 31, 125–141.
Usher, E. L., & Pajares, F. (2008). Sources of self-efficacy in school: Critical review of the literature and future directions. Review of Educational Research, 78, 751–796.
Vohs, K. D. & Baumeister, R. F. (2011). Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications (2nd edition). New York, NY: Guilford.
White, M. C. (2011). Predicting success in teacher certification testing: The role of academic help-seeking. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 7, 22–44.
White, M. C., & Bembenutty, H. (2013). Not all avoidance help seekers are created equal individual differences in adaptive and executive help seeking. SAGE Open, 3(2), 1–14.
White, M. C., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2015). Self-regulation and the common core: Application to ELA standards. New York: Routledge.
Winne, P. H. (2001). Self-regulated learning viewed from models of information processing. In B. J. Zimmerman & D. H. Schunk (Eds.), Self-regulated learning and academic achievement (pp. 153–190). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Winne, P. H. (2011). A cognitive and metacognitive analysis of self-regulated learning. In B. J. Zimmerman & D. H. Schunk (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation and performance (pp. 15–32). New York: Taylor & Francis.
Winne, P. H., & Perry, N. E. (2000). Measuring self-regulated learning. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 532–566). San Diego, CA: Academic.
Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attainment of self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 13–39). San Diego, CA: Academic.
Zimmerman, B. J. & Kitsantas, A. (2002). Acquiring writing revision and self-regulatory skill through observation and emulation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(4), 660-668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.94.4.660
Zimmerman, B. J. (2013). From cognitive modeling to self-regulation: A social cognitive career path. Educational Psychologist, 48, 1–13.
Zimmerman, B. J., Bonner, S., & Kovach, R. (1996). Developing self-regulated learners: Beyond achievement to self-efficacy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Zimmerman, B. J., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2008). Mastery learning and assessment: Students and teachers in an era of high stakes testing. Psychology in the Schools, 45(3), 206–216.
Zimmerman, B. J., & Kitsantas, A. (1997). Developmental phases in self-regulation: Shifting from process goals to self-regulatory goals. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 241–250.
Zimmerman, B. J., & Schunk, D. H. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of self-regulation of learning and performance. New York: Routledge.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bembenutty, H., White, M.C., DiBenedetto, M.K. (2016). Applying Social Cognitive Theory in the Development of Self-Regulated Competencies Throughout K-12 Grades. In: Lipnevich, A., Preckel, F., Roberts, R. (eds) Psychosocial Skills and School Systems in the 21st Century. The Springer Series on Human Exceptionality. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28606-8_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28606-8_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-28604-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-28606-8
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)