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Regenerative Therapies

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Regenerative Medicine - from Protocol to Patient

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Abstract

Skin is by far the largest organ in the human body. Its surface ranges between 1.5 and 1.8 m2 and the thickness varies between 0.5 (lower eyelid) and 15 mm (foot sole) in a young average adult, resulting in a tissue volume of 7500–27,000 mm3. The wide range of tissue thickness already indicates that skin has to fulfill a variety of physiological organic tasks, including mechanistic, metabolic, energetic and immunologic aspects. Skin also is the first organ which has been tissue engineered in vitro and translated back into clinical application. It is a prime target for regenerative therapies, not only due to its obvious easy clinical accessibility but also, because skin already is a continuously regenerating organ and therefore a fascinating model to learn more about the human body’s intrinsic regenerative mechanisms.

This book chapter focuses on the regenerative capacities of skin tissue and its comprising cell compartments and explains how the principles of skin regeneration may be translated into clinical practice.

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Abbreviations

BAD:

Bcl-2-antagonist of cell death

Bcl-xL:

Transmembrane molecule involved in signal transduction pathways of several anti apoptotic proteins (B-cell lymphoma-extra large)

Ca:

Calcium

EPO:

Erythropoietin

EPOR2:

EPO Receptor 2

EPOβ 1/2:

EPO Receptor β 1 or 2

GSK-3β:

Glykogen Synthase Kinase 3

IL-2:

Interleukine 2

IL-6:

Interleukine 6

IL-8:

Interleukine 8

JAK-1/2:

Janus Kinase 1 or 2 (protein tyrosine kinase)

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinases

NFκB:

Nuclear factor ‘kappa-light-chain-enhancer’ of activated B-cells

NO:

Nitric oxide

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase

PI3K-Akt:

Signalling pathway regulates several cellular functions including cellular proliferation, growth, survival and mobility

PKB:

Proteinkinase B

PLC:

Phospholipase C

STAT:

Signal Transducer and Activators of transcription

TEN:

Toxic epidermal necrolysis

TGFβ 1-3:

Transforming growth factor beta 1–3

TNF-α:

Tumour Necrosis Factor α

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Acknowledgments

Thanks for excellent contribution in preparing the histological specimens with greatly acknowledgment to Sabine Ebert from University of Leipzig, Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Department of Applied Stem Cell Biology and Cell Techniques, Germany.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Clinic for Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany

    Christina Irene Günter & Hans-Günther Machens

  2. Stem Cell Biology and Cell Technology, Medical Faculty, Biotechnological-Biomedical Center (BBZ), Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany

    Augustinus Bader

Authors
  1. Christina Irene Günter
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  2. Augustinus Bader
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  3. Hans-Günther Machens
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christina Irene Günter .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiac Surgery and Refere, University of Rostock, Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpomm., Germany

    Gustav Steinhoff

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Günter, C.I., Bader, A., Machens, HG. (2016). Regenerative Therapies. In: Steinhoff, G. (eds) Regenerative Medicine - from Protocol to Patient. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28386-9_12

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